WORLD SCIENCE-TECH RESEARCH CENTER (PART-I)

THE WORLD SCIENCE-TECH RESEARCH CENTER (WSTRC) 
                                                                          1519/2005,North Mugholtooly by Lane,                                                                              West Madarbari,Chattogram, Bangladesh-4100                                                                Email: [email protected]

Vision: Innovation of Scientific Formula for Peace in Light of Knowledge        

WE MOVE WITH KNOWLEDGE -Muhammad-Sheikh-Ramzan Hossain???Chief Editor, World Science-Tech Review

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1.?????In the name of Allah (God), Most Gracious, Most Merciful.

Question: It usually does not cause any embarrassment or discomfort due to using natural muscle force (energy) in our daily work but sometimes do we feel a little shocked when we try to lift, push, or move something but why??

?Possible Answer: A stationary object on the Earth's surface moves only when force (force) is applied to that object. The more energy or force applied, the faster the object gains energy. That is to say, less is less, speed is more. It should be noted that 1. Matter has an important role to play in the release of stability, that is, force/power to move, so the object is moving as will gain speed.

?It also shows that there is a relation between low and high levels of energy in moving and gaining speed of the object. If so, what is the third source? The source with which there will be a dependent relationship, respectively 1. The object will be stable or 2. Will be active? 3. Will the speed of the object be less or more? For a possible answer is as follows:

Scientific analysis
Ingredients:
1)????? Light 2) Brain 3) Knowledge        

What is light?

ii) Light is at the same time energy, particles and also waves - which enter the eye and give rise to the feeling of vision. Light makes the object visible, but it itself disappears. We do not see the light, but we see the illuminated object.

?In the biological process we see: the brain controls the lion's share of the human body's activity. For this purpose, the brain collects information from the sensory nervous system or senses, completes its processing, co-ordinates and coordinates the processed information, and in response decides what kind of instructions will be sent to the neuro-coordinated organ or system.

Functions of the forebrain:

1. The forebrain part acts as the center of various endeavors. 2. The intellect, thought, memory, etc. of the animal controls the human senses. Regulates various physiological functions such as food, intake, excretion, reproduction, etc. 3. Nerves from different clients receive stimuli and analyze those feelings. The average human brain weighs 1.38 or 1.4 kg. The unit of the brain is the neuron.

The number of neurons in the brain is 10 billion. The brain, made up of soft material, is protected inside the skull bones in the human head.???

Direct observation: Enlivening knowledge and how the eyes work

Different parts of your eye work together to help you see. First, light travels through the cornea (the clear frontal layer of the eye). The cornea is shaped like a dome and bends light to help focus the eyes. Some of this light enters the eye through an opening called the PUOO-pul.

The iris (colored part of the eye) controls how much light enters the eyeball. Then, the light passes through the lens (a clean inner part of the eye). The lens works together with the cornea to focus light properly on the retina.

When light hits the retina (a light-sensitive layer of tissue behind the eye), a special cell called the photoreceptor converts light into electrical signals. These electrical signals travel from the retina to the brain through the optic nerve.

The brain then converts the signals into the images you see. The retina is a light sensitive layer behind the eye. The retina acts like a camera film, capturing the image through a photoreceptor. From there, retinal signals or "images" are transmitted through the optic nerve to the visual center of the brain so that we can interpret what we see.

?Cerebrum: The regulator of knowledge The cerebrum of the brain controls human thinking, consciousness, knowledge, memory, will, speech and optional muscle activity. The cerebrum is 80% of the brain.??????????

Functions of neurons: Brain cells include nerve cells (neurons) and the nerve cells (glia cells) that support them. The human brain has more than 8,600 billion neurons and the same number or more. Nerve cells are connected to each other and secrete a substance called neurotransmitter in response to neural stimulation, so that the brain can perform its functions.

Direct observation: Enlivening knowledge

Test No. 01: Flour sack vs. wheat sack. I think there is flour in this sack and there is sack of flour written in it. B contains a sack of wheat. It does not say that it is a sack of wheat. The two sacks have the same size. I think the laborer, knowing the sack of wheat, easily picks it up, moves it, puts it in its proper place, and when he comes back, using his previous experience (assuming the sack of wheat), he picks up the sack of flour and falls backwards. What is the scientific reason for this? Test No. 02: For example, think?? a pot at washroom is full of water every day. For some reason, one night the water in the pot was half or zero. Meanwhile, the power supply was cut off due to load shedding. As a result I have shocked to use the waterless pot in the dark but what is the scientific reason for this? ? ? From the above review, observation, discussion, experimental survey it is clear that, firstly, the light emitted from the object is reflected through the retina of the eye, cornea, iris, photoreceptor, neurons of the brain, cerebrum. As soon as the hand touches an visible object, the cerebrum of the brain provides material knowledge through neurons, and directs how much muscle power has to be expended in moving/lifting the object. ? As a result we can easily say that we have done the work easily, comfortably everyday due to proper direction of using muscle power by our knowledge. Conclusion: “We move with knowledge”. Definition of Knowledge noun 1. understanding comprehension grasp grip command mastery apprehension expertise skill proficiency expertness accomplishment adeptness capacity capability savoir faire know-how learning erudition education etc. Knowledge?is a familiarity or awareness, of someone or something, such as?facts?(descriptive knowledge),?skills?(procedural knowledge), or objects (acquaintance knowledge) contributing to ones?understanding.? ^?Grimm, Stephen R. (2014), Fairweather, Abrol (ed.),?"Understanding as Knowledge of Causes",?Virtue Epistemology Naturalized: Bridges Between Virtue Epistemology and Philosophy of Science, Synthese Library, Cham: Springer International Publishing, vol.?366, pp.?329–345,?doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04672-3_19,?ISBN?978-3-319-04672-3, retrieved?28 November?2021. ? The term "knowledge" can refer to a theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. It can be implicit (as with practical skill or expertise) or explicit (as with the theoretical understanding of a subject); formal or informal; systematic or particular."knowledge: definition of knowledge in Oxford dictionary (American English) (US)".?oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from?the original?on 14 July 2010. The philosopher Plato argued that there was a distinction between knowledge and true belief in the Theaetetus, leading many to attribute to him a definition of knowledge as "justified true belief".Steup, Matthias; Neta, Ram (2020),?"Epistemology", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),?The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy?(Fall 2020?ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved?19 November?2021.Paul Boghossian (2007),?Fear of Knowledge: Against relativism and constructivism, Oxford: Clarendon Press,?ISBN?978-0199230419, Chapter 7, pp. 95–101. Specifies that a statement must meet three criteria in order to be considered knowledge: it must be justified, true, and believed. Scientific knowledge Science?(from the?Latin?word?scientia, meaning "knowledge")?is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes?knowledge?in the form of?testable?explanations?and?predictions?about the?universe. The earliest roots of science can be traced to?Ancient Egypt?and?Mesopotamia?in around 3500 to 3000 BCE.Their contributions to?mathematics,?astronomy, and?medicine?entered and shaped Greek?natural philosophy?of?classical antiquity, whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the?physical world?based on natural causes.After the?fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of?Greek conceptions of the world?deteriorated in?Western Europe?during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the?Middle Ages?but was preserved in the?Muslim world?during the?Islamic Golden Age.?The recovery and assimilation of?Greek works?and?Islamic inquiries?into Western Europe from the 10th to 13th century revived "natural philosophy",?which was later transformed by the?Scientific Revolution?that began in the 16th century?as?new ideas and discoveries?departed from?previous Greek conceptions?and traditions.The?scientific method?soon played a greater role in knowledge creation and it was not until the?19th century?that many of the institutional and?professional?features of science began to take shape;?along with the changing of "natural philosophy" to "natural science." Modern science?is typically divided into three major?branches?that consist of the?natural sciences?(e.g.,?biology,?chemistry, and?physics), which study nature in the broadest sense; the?social sciences?(e.g.,?economics,?psychology, and?sociology), which study individuals and societies; and the?formal sciences?(e.g.,?logic,?mathematics, and?theoretical computer science), which study abstract concepts. There is disagreement,however, on whether the formal sciences actually constitute a science as they do not rely on?empirical evidence.?Disciplines that use existing scientific knowledge for practical purposes, such as?engineering?and medicine, are described as?applied sciences. Science is based on?research, which is commonly conducted in?academic?and?research institutions?as well as in?government agencies?and?companies. The practical impact of scientific research has led to the emergence of?science policies?that seek to influence the scientific enterprise by prioritizing the development of?commercial products,?armaments,?health care, and?environmental protection ? ? The development of the?scientific method?has made a significant contribution to how knowledge of the physical world and its phenomena is acquired. ?"Science – Definition of science by Merriam-Webster".?merriam-webster.com.? ? To be termed scientific, a method of?inquiry?must be based on gathering?observable?and?measurable?evidence?subject to specific principles of?reasoning?and experimentation."Rules for the study of?natural philosophy",?Newton 1999, pp.?794–796, from the?General Scholium, which follows Book?3,?The System of the World. ? The scientific method consists of the collection of?data?through?observation?and?experimentation, and the formulation and testing of?hypotheses.scientific method,?Merriam-Webster?Dictionary. ? Science, and the nature of scientific knowledge have also become the subject of?philosophy. As science itself has developed, scientific knowledge now includes a broader usage Wilson, Timothy D. (12 July 2012).?"Stop bullying the 'soft' sciences".?Los Angeles Times. Indeed, Knowledge is the most essential subject of the field of epistemology, which studies what we know, how we come to know it, and what it means to know something. ? The root word of Knowledge is "Know".Indeed,the Best knowing is self-knowing. That self-knowledge is the highest aim of philosophical inquiry appears to be generally acknowledged. In all the conflicts between the different philosophical schools this objective remained invariable and unshaken: it proved to be the’ Archimedean point, the fixed and immovable center, of all thought. (Source: An Essay on Man is a work, written and published in English in 1944 by Ernst Cassirer). Know thyself: The?Ancient Greek?aphorism?"know thyself" are:?γν?θι σεαυτ?ν, transliterated:?gnōthi seauton; also?... σαυτ?ν?… sauton?and in?Latin?the phrase, "know thyself", is given as?nosce te ipsum[3]?or?temet nosce.? The?Suda, a 10th-century encyclopedia of Greek knowledge, states: "the proverb is applied to those whose boasts exceed what they are",?and that "know thyself" is a warning to pay no attention to the opinion of the multitude. By Socrates One of?Socrates's?students, the historian?Xenophon, described some of the instances of Socrates's use of the Delphic maxim "Know Thyself" in his history titled:?Memorabilia.?In this writing, Xenophon portrayed his teacher's use of the maxim as an organizing theme for Socrates's lengthy dialogue with Euthydemus.[16] By Plato Plato, another student of Socrates, employs the maxim "Know Thyself" extensively by having the character of Socrates use it to motivate his dialogues. Benjamin Jowett's index to his translation of the?Dialogues of Plato?lists six dialogues which discuss or explore the Delphic maxim: "know thyself". These dialogues (and the?Stephanus numbers?indexing the pages where these discussions begin) are?Charmides?(164D),?Protagoras?(343B),?Phaedrus?(229E),?Philebus?(48C),?Laws?(II.923A),?Alcibiades I?(124A, 129A, 132C). In Plato's?Charmides, Critias argues that "succeeding sages who added 'never too much', or, 'give a pledge, and evil is nigh at hand', would appear to have so misunderstood them; for they imagined that 'know thyself!' was a piece of advice which the god gave, and not his salutation of the worshippers at their first coming in; and they dedicated their own inscription under the idea that they too would give equally useful pieces of advice.?In Critias' opinion "know thyself!" was an admonition to those entering the sacred temple to remember or know their place and that "know thyself!" and "be temperate!" are the same.In the balance of the?Charmides, Plato has Socrates lead a longer inquiry as to how we may gain knowledge of ourselves. In Plato's?Phaedrus, Socrates uses the maxim "know thyself" as his explanation to Phaedrus to explain why he has no time for the attempts to rationally explain mythology or other far flung topics. Socrates says, "But I have no leisure for them at all; and the reason, my friend, is this: I am not yet able, as the Delphic inscription has it, to know myself; so it seems to me ridiculous, when I do not yet know that, to investigate irrelevant things." Socrates says examples of them are, "the far-famed inscriptions, which are in all men's mouths—'Know thyself', and 'Nothing too much'".[22]?Having lauded the maxims, Socrates then spends a great deal of time getting to the bottom of what one of them means, the saying of Pittacus, "Hard is it to be good." The irony here is that although the sayings of Delphi bear "great force", it is not clear how to live life in accordance with their meanings. Although, the concise and broad nature of the sayings suggests the active partaking in the usage and personal discovery of each maxim; as if the intended nature of the saying lay not in the words but the self-reflection and self-referencing of the person thereof. In Plato's?Philebus?dialogue, Socrates refers back to the same usage of "know thyself" from?Phaedrus?to build an example of the ridiculous for Protarchus. Socrates says, as he did in Phaedrus, that people make themselves appear ridiculous when they are trying to know obscure things before they know themselves.[23]?Plato also alluded to the fact that understanding "thyself" would have a greater yielded factor of understanding the nature of a human being. Syllogistically, understanding oneself would enable thyself to have an understanding of others as a result. Self-knowledge was an important concept in the writings of the 12-13th century Spanish Scholar ?Ibn Arabi. He distinguished between various philosophical and mystical meanings of "Know Thyself". One work by the Medieval philosopher?Peter Abelard?is titled?Scito te ipsum?("know yourself") or?Ethica. From 1539 onward, the phrase?nosce te ipsum?and its Latin variants were used in the anonymous texts written for?anatomical fugitive sheets?printed in Venice as well as for later anatomical atlases printed throughout Europe. The 1530s fugitive sheets are the first instances in which the phrase was applied to knowledge of the human body attained through dissection. In 1600, in his play?Hamlet, Shakespeare writes, "To thine own self be true." In 1734,?Alexander Pope?wrote a poem entitled "An Essay on Man, Epistle II", which begins "Know then thyself, presume not God to scan, The proper study of mankind is Man." In 1735,?Carl Linnaeus?published the first edition of?Systema Naturae?in which he described humans (Homo) with the simple phrase "Nosce te ipsum". In 1750,?Benjamin Franklin, in his?Poor Richard's Almanack, observed the great difficulty of knowing one's self, with: "There are three Things extremely hard, Steel, a Diamond, and to know one's self." In 1754,?Jean-Jacques Rousseau?lauded the "inscription of the Temple at Delphi" in his?Discourse on the Origin of Inequality. In 1831,?Ralph Waldo Emerson?wrote a poem titled "Γν?θι Σεαυτ?ν", or Gnothi Seauton ('Know Thyself'), on the theme of "God in thee". The poem was an anthem to Emerson's belief that to "know thyself" meant knowing the God that Emerson felt existed within each person. In 1832,?Samuel T. Coleridge?wrote a poem titled "Self Knowledge" in which the text centers on the Delphic maxim "Know Thyself" beginning "Gn?thi seauton!—and is this the prime And heaven-sprung adage of the olden time!—" and ending with "Ignore thyself, and strive to know thy God!" Coleridge's text references JUVENAL, xi. In 1857,?Allan Kardec?asks in?The Spirits Book?(question 919): "What is the most effective method for guaranteeing self-improvement and resisting the attraction of wrongdoing?" and obtains the answer from the Spirits "A philosopher of antiquity once said, 'Know thyself'". Acknowledging the wisdom of the maxim, he then asks about the means of acquiring self-knowledge, obtaining a detailed answer with practical instructions and philosophical-moral considerations. In 1902,?Hugo von Hofmannsthal?had his 16th-century alter ego in his letter to Francis Bacon mention a book he intended to call?Nosce te ipsum. In 1978?Idries Shah?wrote in?Learning How to Learn, p. 38, "People have to know more about themselves before they take on what are so often misconceived projects." In 1997 he explained "Know Thyself" thus in?The Commanding Self, p.?15, "'He who knows himself, knows his Lord' means, among other things, that self-deception prevents knowledge... The first self about which to obtain knowledge is the secondary, false self which stands in the way..." The theme of knowing oneself and knowing God is also featured in the above citations from Ibn Arabi, Pope, Coleridge and Emerson, in different ways. The Wachowskis?used one of the Latin versions (temet nosce) of this aphorism as inscription over the Oracle's kitchen doorway in their movies?The Matrix?(1999)[34]?and?The Matrix Revolutions?(2003).[35]?The character?Nomi?from the series?Sense8, also directed by The Wachowskis, has a tattoo on her arm with the Greek version of this phrase. "Know Thyself" is the motto of Hamilton College of?Lyceum International School?(Nugegoda, Sri Lanka) and of??pek University?(Ankara, Turkey).?The Latin phrase "Nosce te ipsum" is the motto of?Landmark College.] Who am I? I am a man. Homo sapiens (Latin: "wise man") is the taxonomic binomial species name for humans. Homo?comes from?Latin word?homō?means'man'. Basically the word of “Humans”?comes from the Latin word of Homo sapiens are the most abundant and widespread?species?of?primate, characterized by?large complex?brains. This has enabled the development of advanced?tools,?culture, and?language. Humans are highly social and tend to live in complex?social structures?composed of many cooperating and competing groups, from?families?and?kinship?networks to political?states.?Social interactions?between humans have established a wide variety of values,?social norms, and?rituals, which bolster human?society. Curiosity and the human desire to understand and influence the environment and to explain and manipulate phenomena have motivated humanity's development of?science,?philosophy,?mythology,?religion, and other fields of study. What material is my body made of? Humans have a large and highly developed?prefrontal cortex, the region of the brain associated with higher?cognition. They are intelligent, capable of?episodic memory, have flexible facial expressions,?self-awareness?and a?theory of mind. The human mind is capable of?introspection, private?thought,?imagination,?volition?and forming views on?existence. This has allowed great technological advancements and complex tool development possible through reason and the transmission of knowledge to future generations. Language, art and trade are defining characteristics of humans.(Source:Wikipedia, Encyclopedia). Human Body Structures ? The?human body?is the structure of a?human being. It comprises a?head,?neck,?trunk?(which includes the?thorax?and?abdomen),?arms?and?hands,?legs?and?feet. It is composed of many different types of?cells?that together create?tissues?and subsequently?organ systems. They ensure?homeostasis?and the?viability?of the human body. Anatomy Human?anatomy?is the study of the shape and form of the human body. The human body has four?limbs?(two arms and two legs), a head and a?neck?which connect to the?torso. The body's shape is determined by a strong?skeleton?made of?bone?and?cartilage, surrounded by fat, muscle, connective tissue, organs, and other structures. The?spine?at the back of the skeleton contains the flexible?vertebral column?which surrounds the?spinal cord, which is a collection of nerve fibres connecting the brain to the rest of the body.?Nerves?connect the spinal cord and brain to the rest of the body. All major bones, muscles, and nerves in the body are named, with the exception of?anatomical variations?such as?sesamoid bones?and?accessory muscles. Blood vessels carry blood throughout the body, which moves because of the beating of the?heart. Venules and?veins?collect blood low in oxygen from tissues throughout the body. These collect in progressively larger veins until they reach the body's two largest veins, the?superior?and?inferior vena cava, which drain blood into the right side of the heart. From here, the blood is pumped into the?lungs?where it receives oxygen and drains back into the left side of the heart. From here, it is pumped into the body's largest?artery, the?aorta, and then progressively smaller arteries and arterioles until it reaches tissue. Here blood passes from small arteries into?capillaries, then small veins and the process begins again. Blood carries?oxygen, waste products, and?hormones?from one place in the body to another. Blood is filtered at the?kidneys?and?liver. The body consists of a number of?body cavities, separated areas which house different organ systems. The brain and?central nervous system?reside in an area protected from the rest of the body by the?blood brain barrier. The lungs sit in the?pleural cavity. The?intestines,?liver, and?spleen?sit in the?abdominal cavity. Height, weight,?shape?and other?body proportions?vary individually and with age and sex. Body shape is influenced by the distribution of bones,?muscle?and?fat tissue. The study of the human body involves?anatomy,?physiology,?histology?and?embryology. The body?varies anatomically?in known ways.?Physiology?focuses on the systems and organs of the human body and their functions. Many systems and mechanisms interact in order to maintain?homeostasis, with safe levels of substances such as sugar and oxygen in the blood. The body consists of many different types of?tissue, defined as cells that act with a specialised function.[10]?The study of tissues is called?histology?and often occurs with a?microscope. The body consists of four main types of tissues. These are lining cells (epithelia),?connective tissue,?nerve tissue?and?muscle tissue. Composed The?human body is composed of?elements?including?hydrogen,?oxygen,?carbon,?calcium?and?phosphorus. ?"Chemical Composition of the Human Body".?About education. Retrieved?2 September?2016?These elements reside in trillions of cells and non-cellular components of the body. The adult male body is about 60%?water?for a total water content of some 42 litres (9.2?imp?gal; 11?US?gal). This is made up of about 19 litres (4.2?imp?gal; 5.0?US?gal) of extracellular fluid including about 3.2 litres (0.70?imp?gal; 0.85?US?gal) of blood plasma and about 8.4 litres (1.8?imp?gal; 2.2?US?gal) of?interstitial fluid, and about 23 litres (5.1?imp?gal; 6.1?US?gal) of fluid inside cells. "Fluid Physiology".?Anaesthesiamcq. Archived from?the original?on 3 May 2005. Retrieved?2 September?2016.?The content, acidity and composition of the water inside and outside cells is carefully maintained. The main electrolytes in body water outside cells are?sodium?and?chloride, whereas within cells it is?potassium?and other?phosphates. (Source:?Ganong's 2016, p.?5 Cells The body contains trillions of?cells, the fundamental unit of life.?At maturity, there are roughly 30[5]–37.?trillion cells in the body, an estimate arrived at by totaling the cell numbers of all the?organs?of the body and?cell types. The body is also host to about the same number of non-human cells?as well as?multi cellular organisms?which reside in the?gastrointestinal tract?and on the skin.?Not all parts of the body are made from cells. Cells sit in an?extracellular matrix?that consists of proteins such as?collagen, surrounded by extracellular fluids. Of the 70?kg (150?lb) weight of an average human body, nearly 25?kg (55?lb) is non-human cells or non-cellular material such as bone and connective tissue. Organs Organs, structured collections of?cells?with a specific function,[12]?mostly sit within the body, with the exception of?skin. Examples include the?heart,?lungs?and?liver. Many organs reside within?cavities?within the body. These cavities include the?abdomen?(which contains the stomach, for example) and?pleura, which contains the lungs. Genome Cells in the body function because of?DNA. DNA sits within the?nucleus?of a cell. Here, parts of DNA are?copied?and sent to the body of the cell via?RNA.[8]?The RNA is then used to?create?proteins?which form the basis for cells, their activity, and their products. Proteins dictate cell function and gene expression, a cell is able to self-regulate by the amount of proteins produced.?However, not all cells have DNA; some cells such as mature?red blood cells?lose their nucleus as they mature. The body consists of many different types of?tissue, defined as cells that act with a specialised function.[10]?The study of tissues is called?histology?and often occurs with a?microscope. The body consists of four main types of tissues. These are lining cells (epithelia),?connective tissue,?nerve tissue?and?muscle tissue. Systems of human Bodies ? Circulatory system The?circulatory system?consists of the human?heart?and?blood vessels?(arteries,?veins?and?capillaries). The heart propels the circulation of the blood, which serves as a "transportation system" to transfer?oxygen, fuel, nutrients, waste products, immune cells and signaling molecules (i.e.?hormones) from one part of the body to another. Paths of blood circulation within the human body can be divided into two circuits: the?pulmonary circuit, which pumps blood to the lungs to receive?oxygen?and leave?carbon dioxide, and the systemic circuit, which carries blood from the heart off to the rest of the body. The blood consists of fluid that carries?cells?in the circulation, including some that move from tissue to blood vessels and back, as well as the?spleen?and?bone marrow. Digestive system The?digestive system?consists of the mouth including the?tongue?and?teeth,?esophagus,?stomach, (gastrointestinal tract,?small?and?large intestines, and?rectum), as well as the?liver,?pancreas,?gallbladder, and?salivary glands. It converts food into small, nutritional, non-toxic?molecules?for distribution and absorption into the body. These molecules take the form of?proteins?(which are broken down into?amino acids),?fats,?vitamins?and?minerals?(the last of which are mainly ionic rather than molecular). After being?swallowed, food moves through the?gastrointestinal tract?by means of?peristalsis: the systematic expansion and contraction of muscles to push food from one area to the next. Digestion begins in the?mouth, which?chews?food into smaller pieces for easier digestion. Then it is?swallowed, and moves through the?esophagus?to the?stomach. In the stomach, food is mixed with?gastric acids?to allow the extraction of?nutrients. Endocrine system The?endocrine system?consists of the principal?endocrine glands: the?pituitary,?thyroid,?adrenals,?pancreas and?gonads, but nearly all organs and tissues produce specific endocrine?hormones?as well. The endocrine hormones serve as signals from one body system to another regarding an enormous array of conditions, and resulting in variety of changes of function. Immune system The?immune system?consists of the?white blood cells, the?thymus,?lymph nodes?and?lymph?channels, which are also part of the?lymphatic system. The immune system provides a mechanism for the body to distinguish its own cells and tissues from outside cells and substances and to neutralize or destroy the latter by using specialized proteins such as?antibodies,?cytokines, and?toll-like receptors, among many others. Integumentary system The?integumentary system?consists of the covering of the body (the skin), including hair and?nails?as well as other functionally important structures such as the?sweat glands?and?sebaceous glands. The skin provides containment, structure, and protection for other organs, and serves as a major sensory interface with the outside world. Lymphatic system The?lymphatic system?extracts, transports and metabolizes lymph, the fluid found in between cells. The lymphatic system is similar to the circulatory system in terms of both its structure and its most basic function, to carry a body fluid. Musculoskeletal system The?musculoskeletal system?consists of the?human skeleton?(which includes?bones,?ligaments,?tendons, and?cartilage) and attached?muscles. It gives the body basic structure and the ability for movement. In addition to their structural role, the larger bones in the body contain?bone marrow, the site of production of blood cells. Also, all bones are major storage sites for?calcium?and?phosphate. This system can be split up into the?muscular system?and the?skeletal system. Nervous system The?nervous system?consists of the body's?neurons?and?glial?cells, which together form the?nerves,?ganglia?and?gray matter?which in turn form the?brain?and related structures. The brain is the organ of?thought, emotion,?memory, and?sensory processing; it serves many aspects of communication and controls various systems and functions. The?special senses?consist of?vision,?hearing,?taste, and?smell. The?eyes,?ears,?tongue, and nose gather information about the body's environment. From a structural perspective, the?nervous system?is typically subdivided into two component parts: the?central nervous system?(CNS), composed of the brain and the?spinal cord; and the?peripheral nervous system?(PNS), composed of the nerves and?ganglia?outside the brain and spinal cord. The CNS is mostly responsible for organizing?motion, processing?sensory information, thought, memory,?cognition?and other such functions.?It remains a matter of some debate whether the?CNS?directly gives rise to?consciousness.?The?peripheral nervous system?(PNS) is mostly responsible for gathering information with?sensory neurons?and directing body movements with?motor neurons. From a functional perspective, the nervous system is again typically divided into two component parts: the?somatic nervous system?(SNS) and the?autonomic nervous system?(ANS). The SNS is involved in voluntary functions like?speaking?and?sensory processes. The ANS is involved in involuntary processes, such as?digestion?and regulating?blood pressure. The nervous system is subject to many different diseases. In?epilepsy, abnormal electrical activity in the brain can cause?seizures. In?multiple sclerosis, the?immune system?attacks the?nerve linings, damaging the nerves' ability to transmit signals.?Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?(ALS), also known as?Lou Gehrig's disease, is a?motor neuron?disease which gradually reduces movement in patients. There are also many other diseases of the nervous system. Heart ? The heart is an organ located in the?thoracic cavity?between the?lungs?and slightly to the left. It is surrounded by the?pericardium?which holds it in place in the?mediastinum?and serves to protect it from blunt trauma,?infection?and help lubricate the movement of the heart via?pericardial fluid.[13]?The heart works by?pumping blood around the body?allowing?oxygen,?nutrients,?waste,?hormones?and?white blood cells?to be transported. The heart is composed of?two atrium?and?two ventricles. The primary purpose of the atrium is to allow uninterrupted venous blood flow to the heart during?ventricular systole. This allows enough blood to get into the ventricles during?atrial systole. A lack of the atrium would cause a?decrease in cardiac output?of 75%. Coronary artery disease?is the?leading cause of death worldwide, making up 16% of all deaths.It is caused by the buildup of?plaque?in the?coronary arteries?supplying the heart, eventually the arteries may become so narrow that?not enough blood?is able to reach the?myocardium,[18]?a condition known as?myocardial infarction or heart attack, this can cause?heart failure?or?cardiac arrest?and eventually death. Soul 1.???? In many religious, philosophical, and?mythological?traditions there is belief in a?soul?as the incorporeal?essence?of a living being.[1]?Soul or?psyche?(Ancient Greek: ψυχ??psykh?, of ψ?χειν?psykhein, "to breathe", cf.?Latin?'anima') comprises the mental abilities of a living being: reason, character, feeling, consciousness,?qualia, memory, perception, thinking, etc. Depending on the philosophical system, a soul can either be?mortal?or?immortal. ?(Sources: i) "Soul (noun)".?Oxford English Dictionary?(Online?ed.).?Oxford University Press. Retrieved?1 December?2016.?(Subscription or?participating institution membership?required.) ii)?"Soul (noun)".?Oxford English Dictionary?(Online?ed.).?Oxford University Press. Retrieved?1 December?2016.?(Subscription or?participating institution membership?required.) Greek philosophers, such as?Socrates,?Plato, and?Aristotle, understood that the soul (ψυχ??psykh?) must have a logical faculty, the exercise of which was the most divine of human actions. At his defense trial, Socrates even summarized his teachings as nothing other than an exhortation for his fellow Athenians to excel in matters of the psyche since all bodily goods are dependent on such excellence (Apology?30a–b). Aristotle reasoned that a man's body and soul were his matter and form respectively: the body is a collection of elements and the soul is the essence.?Thomas Aquinas?took this view into Christianity. Thomas Aquinas, borrowing directly from Aristotle's?On the Soul, attributed "soul" (anima) to all organisms but argued that only human souls are immortal. (Sources: i) Peter Eardley and Carl Still, Aquinas: A Guide for the Perplexed (London: Continuum, 2010), pp. 34–35 ii) Wikipedia, Encyclopedia).? The Modern English word?soul, derived from?Old English?sáwol, sáwel?which means immortal principle in man, was first attested in the 8th century poem?Beowulf?v. 2820 and in the?Vespasian Psalter?77.50?. It is cognate with other German and?Baltic?terms for the same idea, including?Gothic?saiwala,?Old High German?sêula, sêla,?Old Saxon?sêola,?Old Low Franconian?sêla, s?la,?Old Norse?sála?and?Lithuanian?siela. Deeper etymology of the?Germanic?word is unclear. The original concept behind the Germanic root is thought to mean “coming from or belonging to the sea?(or?lake)”, because of the Germanic and pre-Celtic belief in souls emerging from and returning to?sacred lakes,?Old Saxon?sêola?(soul) compared to?Old Saxon?sêo?(sea). Physiology Human?physiology?is the study of how the human body functions. This includes the mechanical, physical,?bioelectrical, and?biochemical?functions of humans in good health, from?organs?to the?cells?of which they are composed. The human body consists of many interacting systems of organs. These interact to maintain?homeostasis, keeping the body in a stable state with safe levels of substances such as sugar and oxygen in the blood. Each system contributes to homeostasis, of itself, other systems, and the entire body. Some combined systems are referred to by joint names. For example, the nervous system and the endocrine system operate together as the?neuroendocrine system. The nervous system receives information from the body, and transmits this to the brain via?nerve impulses?and?neurotransmitters. At the same time, the?endocrine system?releases hormones, such as to help regulate?blood pressure?and volume. Together, these systems regulate the internal environment of the body, maintaining blood flow, posture, energy supply, temperature, and acid balance. [ Winkelman, Michael (2002). "Shamanic universals and evolutionary psychology". Journal of Ritual Studies. 16 (2): 63–76. JSTOR 44364143.63] Philosophical views The?ancient Greeks?used the word "ensouled" to represent the concept of being "alive", indicating that the earliest surviving?western philosophical?view believed that the soul was that which gave the body life.[90]?The soul was considered the incorporeal or spiritual "breath" that animates (from the Latin,?anima, cf. "animal") the living organism. Francis M. Cornford?quotes?Pindar?by saying that the soul sleeps while the limbs are active, but when one is sleeping, the soul is active and reveals "an award of joy or sorrow drawing near" in dreams.[ Francis M. Cornford, Greek Religious Thought, p. 64, referring to Pindar, Fragment 131] Erwin Rohde?writes that an early pre-Pythagorean?belief presented the soul as lifeless when it departed the body, and that it retired into?Hades?with no hope of returning to a body.[ Erwin Rohde, Psyche, 1928] Plato was the first thinker in antiquity to combine the various functions of the soul into one coherent conception: the soul is that which moves things (i.e., that which gives life, on the view that life is self-motion) by means of its thoughts, requiring that it be both a mover and a thinker.[ Campbell, Douglas (2021). "Self‐Motion and Cognition: Plato's Theory of the Soul". The Southern Journal of Philosophy. 59: 523–544] Science Some scientists, such as Julien Musolino, hold that the mind is merely a complex machine that operates on the same physical laws as all other objects in the universe. ? According to Musolino, there is currently no scientific evidence whatsoever to support the existence of the soul and there is considerable evidence that seems to indicate that souls do not exist. [Sources: i) Musolino, Julien (2015).?The Soul Fallacy: What Science Shows We Gain from Letting Go of Our Soul Beliefs. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. pp.?21–38.?ISBN?978-1-61614-962-8.ii)Wikipedia, Encyclopedia)]. The search for the soul, however, is seen to have been instrumental in driving the understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the human body, particularly in the fields of cardiovascular and neurology. [Sources:i) Santoro, G; Wood, MD; Merlo, L; Anastasi, GP; Tomasello, F; Germanò, A (October 2009). "The anatomic location of the soul from the heart, through the brain, to the whole body, and beyond: a journey through Western history, science, and philosophy". Neurosurgery. 65 (4): 633–43, discussion 643. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000349750.22332.6A. PMID 19834368. S2CID 27566267. ii) Wikipedia, Encyclopedia)]. Neuroscience Neuroscience as an interdisciplinary field and its branch of cognitive neuroscience particularly, operates under the ontological assumption of physics. In other words, it assumes that only the fundamental phenomena studied by physics exist. Thus, neuroscience seeks to understand mental phenomena within the framework according to which human thought and behavior are caused solely by physical processes taking place inside the brain, and it operates by the way of reductionism by seeking an explanation for the mind in terms of brain activity. [Sources: i) O. Carter Snead. "Cognitive Neuroscience and the Future of Punishment Archived 5 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine" (2010). ?ii) Kandel, ER; Schwartz JH; Jessell TM; Siegelbaum SA; Hudspeth AJ. "Principles of Neural Science, Fifth Edition" (2012).iii) Wikipedia, Encyclopedia] 1.????? Some[quantify] theorists have invoked quantum indeterminism as an explanatory mechanism for possible soul/brain interaction, but neuroscientist Peter Clarke found errors with this viewpoint, noting there is no evidence that such processes play a role in brain function; Clarke concluded that a Cartesian soul has no basis from quantum physics.[Sources: i) ?Clarke, Peter. (2014).?Neuroscience, Quantum Indeterminism and the Cartesian Soul?Archived?10 September 2017 at the?Wayback Machine. Brain and cognition 84: 109–17 ii) Wikipedia, Encyclopedia). Parapsychology Some parapsychologists have attempted to establish, by scientific experiment, whether a soul separate from the brain exists, as is more commonly defined in religion rather than as a synonym of psyche or mind. Milbourne Christopher (1979) and Mary Roach (2010) have argued that none of the attempts by parapsychologists have yet succeeded. [Sources: i) Milbourne Christopher. (1979). Search for the Soul: An Insider's Report on the Continuing Quest by Psychics and Scientists for Evidence of Life After Death. Thomas Y. Crowell, Publishers. ii) Mary Roach. (2010). Spook: Science Tackles the Afterlife. Canongate Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84767-080-9 iii) Wikipedia, Encyclopedia)]. What is Death? ? Indeed,the “Death” is the last final step for a human in the Earthy life. Death?is the?irreversible?cessation of all?biological functions?that sustain an?organism.[ "death". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d. Retrieved 27 February 2021]?Brain death?is sometimes used as a legal definition of death.[ brain death.?Dictionary.com Unabridged?(Online). n.d. Retrieved?27 February?2021] The remains of a former organism normally begin to?decompose?shortly after death. Death is an inevitable, universal process that eventually occurs in all organisms. Death is generally applied to whole organisms; the similar process seen in individual components of an organism, such as cells or tissues, is?necrosis. The concept of death is a key to human understanding of the phenomenon.[ Samir Hossain Mohammad; Gilbert Peter (2010). "Concepts of Death: A key to our adjustment". Illness, Crisis and Loss. 18 (1)]?There are many scientific approaches and various interpretations of the concept. Additionally, the advent of life-sustaining therapy and the numerous criteria for defining death from both a medical and legal standpoint, have made it difficult to create a single unifying definition. It is possible to define life in terms of consciousness. When consciousness ceases, an organism can be said to have died. One of the flaws in this approach is that there are many organisms that are alive but probably not conscious. Another problem is in defining consciousness, which has many different definitions given by modern scientists, psychologists and philosophers. Additionally, many religious traditions, including?Abrahamic?and?Dharmic?traditions, hold that death does not (or may not) entail the end of consciousness. In certain cultures, death is more of a process than a single event. It implies a slow shift from one spiritual state to another.[Metcalf, Peter; Huntington, Richard (1991). Celebrations of Death: The Anthropology of Mortuary Ritual. New York: Cambridge Press.[page needed] Today, where a definition of the moment of death is required, doctors and coroners usually turn to "brain death" or "biological death" to define a person as being dead; people are considered dead when the electrical activity in their brain ceases. It is presumed that an end of electrical activity indicates the end of?consciousness. Suspension of consciousness must be permanent, and not transient, as occurs during certain?sleep?stages, and especially a?coma. In the past, adoption of this whole-brain definition was a conclusion of the President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research in 1980.[11]?They concluded that this approach to defining death sufficed in reaching a uniform definition nationwide. A multitude of reasons were presented to support this definition including: uniformity of standards in law for establishing death; consumption of a family's fiscal resources for artificial life support; and legal establishment for equating brain death with death in order to proceed with organ donation.[Source: Sarbey, Ben (1 December 2016).?"Definitions of death: brain death and what matters in a person".?Journal of Law and the Biosciences.?3?(3): 743–752.?doi:10.1093/jlb/lsw054.?PMC?5570697.?PMID?28852554. A?cemetery?or?graveyard?is a place where the remains of?dead?people are?interred. The word?cemetery?(from?Greek?κοιμητ?ριον, "sleeping place") [Source:i) κοιμητ?ριον. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project).ii) Harper, Douglas. "cemetery". Online Etymology Dictionary] The intact or cremated remains of people may be interred in a grave and the grave is the final outcome of Earthy human life. Cemetery?or?Graveyard: Indeed,the grave is the final outcome of Earthy human life and first step of hereafter life. Belief in the resurrection from the grave life:The basis of interfaith harmony In light or sense of religion, the cemetery?or?graveyard system is being indicated that the Christians, Jews and Muslims are not merely Semitic race but also the common Believers in the resurrection from the grave, they are followers of Prophet of Allah (God) Ibraheem/Abraham (A'lyhimus Salam), Who is common "Father of the said 3 nations". Belief in the resurrection from the grave life: In light of Holy Quran ?????? ????? ????????????? ??????????? ? 1.????? In the name of Allah (God), Most Gracious, Most Merciful. ??- ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????. “And he makes comparisons For Us, and forgets his own (Origin and) Creation : He says, “?Who can give Life to (dry) bones And decomposed ones (at that) ?” ? Sūrah 36: Yā-Sīn?(being Abbreviated Letters) Verses 83 — Makki; Revealed at Makka — Sections 5, Ayat: 78), Translation by Abdullah Yusuf Ali, About QuranYusufAli.com?? ??- ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? Say, “ He will give them Life Who created them For the first time ! For He is well-versed In every kind of creation!—Sūrah 36: Yā-Sīn,, Ayat: 79) Does man think that We Cannot assemble his bones? ?- ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ?- ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? Nay, We are able to put Together in perfect order The very tips of his fingers. Sūrah 75: Qiyāmat,?or the Ressurrection Verses 40 — Makki; Revealed at Makka — Sections 2, Ayat: 3-4) .?- ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????????? And verily the Hour will come : There can be no doubt About it, or about (the fact) That God will raise up All who are in the graves. Sūrah 22: Hajj,?or The Pilgrimage,Verses 78 — Madani; Revealed at Medina — Sections 10, Ayat: 7) Belief in the resurrection from the grave life: In light of Al Hadith ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???: " ??? ???????? ??????" ?????: ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???: ????? ?????: ?????? ???? ???: ????? ?????: ?????? ?????? ???: ????" ????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????" ((???? ????)). Abu Hurairah (May Allah be pleased with him) said: The Prophet (?) said, "Between the two Blowing of the Trumpet there will be an interval of forty." The people said, "O Abu Hurairah! Do you mean forty days?" He said, "I cannot say anything." They said, "Do you mean forty years?" He said, "I cannot say anything." They said, "Do you mean forty months?" He said, "I cannot say anything. The Prophet added: 'Everything of the human body will perish except the last coccyx bone (end part of the spinal cord), and from that bone Allah will reconstruct the whole body. Then Allah will send down water from the sky and people will grow like green vegetables'." [Al- Bukhari and Muslim]. Reference: Riyad as-Salihin 1836,In-book reference:?Book 18, Hadith 29 It is to be noted that the bone or triangular position is important as the edge holder of the nervous system of the human body. The plexus that is present here is called "Muladhara" [(i.e. coccyx) (Source: Science, Traditional Religion, World Civilization-Chapter 4: Govardhan Gopaldas, India, Source: Weekly Sonar Bangla)]. The experiment showed that a hard bone called "usus" (coccyx) was born just 2 (two) weeks after the sperm was fertilized with the ovary. After the 3rd week, a long stalk is formed from this bone which later forms the vertebral bone and gradually the full human body is formed. On the 15th day, the surface of the embryo is observed to have its primary quality or religion at a specific "primary junction". The place where the primary quality / religion is manifested is called the "surface of the fetus". The primary traits and the embryonic cells and organs that form from the junction are as follows: 1.Ectoderm (embryo): composed of central muscles and skin ? 2 Mesoderm): In the formation of digestive system churning muscle, skeletal muscle, circulatory system, heart, bone, reproductive and urinary system formation (excluding bladder), subcutaneous cells, nasal system, spleen and urinary glands. 3. Endoderm: Boundaries of digestive system, respiratory system, organs related to digestive system (except liver and pancreas), bladder, larynx etc. are formed at this stage. Then the primary trait / religion and the junction are located in the triangular bone area of the buttocks at the end of the spine so that the usus coccyx is formed. Note that even though hundreds of thousands of millions of years have passed since the graveyard life, the existence of this super-atomic particle in the tiny, fine-grained human body of bones or coccyx will continue to exist. For this reason, the scientists unhesitatingly admit: Scientists cannot create or destroy small, large, original, original, or genuinely small and large objects. It is pertinent to note that after the embryos are formed from the initial traits and junctions, they are located in the last bones of the spine and retain their characteristics. Thus, it is evident that the triangle contains the original cells, which bear witness to the resurrection of mankind on the Day of Resurrection from the usus narrated in the Holy Hadith of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah (Peace be upon him). From "usus" (bone-coccyx), it is possible to recreate the human race which has the primary qualities/characteristics. One of the researchers who proved this was the German scientist Hans Spiemann. After experimenting with the initial quality and the junction, he found that these were the basic building blocks of the embryo. So he named them primary organizers. In 1931, Hans Spiemann dismantled the initial organization.Hans boiled it in 1933 and found that it did not cause any cell damage but discovered to a second embryo.Test No. 01: Flour sack vs. wheat sack. I think there is flour in this sack and there is sack of flour written in it. B contains a sack of wheat. It does not say that it is a sack of wheat. The two sacks have the same size. I think the laborer, knowing the sack of wheat, easily picks it up, moves it, puts it in its proper place, and when he comes back, using his previous experience (assuming the sack of wheat), he picks up the sack of flour and falls backwards. What is the scientific reason for this? Test No. 02: For example, think?? a pot at washroom is full of water every day. For some reason, one night the water in the pot was half or zero. Meanwhile, the power supply was cut off due to load shedding. As a result I have shocked to use the waterless pot in the dark but what is the scientific reason for this? ? ? From the above review, observation, discussion, experimental survey it is clear that, firstly, the light emitted from the object is reflected through the retina of the eye, cornea, iris, photoreceptor, neurons of the brain, cerebrum. As soon as the hand touches an visible object, the cerebrum of the brain provides material knowledge through neurons, and directs how much muscle power has to be expended in moving/lifting the object. ? As a result we can easily say that we have done the work easily, comfortably everyday due to proper direction of using muscle power by our knowledge. Conclusion: “We move with knowledge”. Definition of Knowledge noun 1. understanding comprehension grasp grip command mastery apprehension expertise skill proficiency expertness accomplishment adeptness capacity capability savoir faire know-how learning erudition education etc. Knowledge?is a familiarity or awareness, of someone or something, such as?facts?(descriptive knowledge),?skills?(procedural knowledge), or objects (acquaintance knowledge) contributing to ones?understanding.? ^?Grimm, Stephen R. (2014), Fairweather, Abrol (ed.),?"Understanding as Knowledge of Causes",?Virtue Epistemology Naturalized: Bridges Between Virtue Epistemology and Philosophy of Science, Synthese Library, Cham: Springer International Publishing, vol.?366, pp.?329–345,?doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04672-3_19,?ISBN?978-3-319-04672-3, retrieved?28 November?2021. ? The term "knowledge" can refer to a theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. It can be implicit (as with practical skill or expertise) or explicit (as with the theoretical understanding of a subject); formal or informal; systematic or particular."knowledge: definition of knowledge in Oxford dictionary (American English) (US)".?oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from?the original?on 14 July 2010. The philosopher Plato argued that there was a distinction between knowledge and true belief in the Theaetetus, leading many to attribute to him a definition of knowledge as "justified true belief".Steup, Matthias; Neta, Ram (2020),?"Epistemology", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),?The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy?(Fall 2020?ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved?19 November?2021.Paul Boghossian (2007),?Fear of Knowledge: Against relativism and constructivism, Oxford: Clarendon Press,?ISBN?978-0199230419, Chapter 7, pp. 95–101. Specifies that a statement must meet three criteria in order to be considered knowledge: it must be justified, true, and believed. Scientific knowledge Science?(from the?Latin?word?scientia, meaning "knowledge")?is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes?knowledge?in the form of?testable?explanations?and?predictions?about the?universe. The earliest roots of science can be traced to?Ancient Egypt?and?Mesopotamia?in around 3500 to 3000 BCE.Their contributions to?mathematics,?astronomy, and?medicine?entered and shaped Greek?natural philosophy?of?classical antiquity, whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the?physical world?based on natural causes.After the?fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of?Greek conceptions of the world?deteriorated in?Western Europe?during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the?Middle Ages?but was preserved in the?Muslim world?during the?Islamic Golden Age.?The recovery and assimilation of?Greek works?and?Islamic inquiries?into Western Europe from the 10th to 13th century revived "natural philosophy",?which was later transformed by the?Scientific Revolution?that began in the 16th century?as?new ideas and discoveries?departed from?previous Greek conceptions?and traditions.The?scientific method?soon played a greater role in knowledge creation and it was not until the?19th century?that many of the institutional and?professional?features of science began to take shape;?along with the changing of "natural philosophy" to "natural science." Modern science?is typically divided into three major?branches?that consist of the?natural sciences?(e.g.,?biology,?chemistry, and?physics), which study nature in the broadest sense; the?social sciences?(e.g.,?economics,?psychology, and?sociology), which study individuals and societies; and the?formal sciences?(e.g.,?logic,?mathematics, and?theoretical computer science), which study abstract concepts. There is disagreement,however, on whether the formal sciences actually constitute a science as they do not rely on?empirical evidence.?Disciplines that use existing scientific knowledge for practical purposes, such as?engineering?and medicine, are described as?applied sciences. Science is based on?research, which is commonly conducted in?academic?and?research institutions?as well as in?government agencies?and?companies. The practical impact of scientific research has led to the emergence of?science policies?that seek to influence the scientific enterprise by prioritizing the development of?commercial products,?armaments,?health care, and?environmental protection ? ? The development of the?scientific method?has made a significant contribution to how knowledge of the physical world and its phenomena is acquired. ?"Science – Definition of science by Merriam-Webster".?merriam-webster.com.? ? To be termed scientific, a method of?inquiry?must be based on gathering?observable?and?measurable?evidence?subject to specific principles of?reasoning?and experimentation."Rules for the study of?natural philosophy",?Newton 1999, pp.?794–796, from the?General Scholium, which follows Book?3,?The System of the World. ? The scientific method consists of the collection of?data?through?observation?and?experimentation, and the formulation and testing of?hypotheses.scientific method,?Merriam-Webster?Dictionary. ? Science, and the nature of scientific knowledge have also become the subject of?philosophy. As science itself has developed, scientific knowledge now includes a broader usage Wilson, Timothy D. (12 July 2012).?"Stop bullying the 'soft' sciences".?Los Angeles Times. Indeed, Knowledge is the most essential subject of the field of epistemology, which studies what we know, how we come to know it, and what it means to know something. ? The root word of Knowledge is "Know".Indeed,the Best knowing is self-knowing. That self-knowledge is the highest aim of philosophical inquiry appears to be generally acknowledged. In all the conflicts between the different philosophical schools this objective remained invariable and unshaken: it proved to be the’ Archimedean point, the fixed and immovable center, of all thought. (Source: An Essay on Man is a work, written and published in English in 1944 by Ernst Cassirer). Know thyself: The?Ancient Greek?aphorism?"know thyself" are:?γν?θι σεαυτ?ν, transliterated:?gnōthi seauton; also?... σαυτ?ν?… sauton?and in?Latin?the phrase, "know thyself", is given as?nosce te ipsum[3]?or?temet nosce.? The?Suda, a 10th-century encyclopedia of Greek knowledge, states: "the proverb is applied to those whose boasts exceed what they are",?and that "know thyself" is a warning to pay no attention to the opinion of the multitude. By Socrates One of?Socrates's?students, the historian?Xenophon, described some of the instances of Socrates's use of the Delphic maxim "Know Thyself" in his history titled:?Memorabilia.?In this writing, Xenophon portrayed his teacher's use of the maxim as an organizing theme for Socrates's lengthy dialogue with Euthydemus.[16] By Plato Plato, another student of Socrates, employs the maxim "Know Thyself" extensively by having the character of Socrates use it to motivate his dialogues. Benjamin Jowett's index to his translation of the?Dialogues of Plato?lists six dialogues which discuss or explore the Delphic maxim: "know thyself". These dialogues (and the?Stephanus numbers?indexing the pages where these discussions begin) are?Charmides?(164D),?Protagoras?(343B),?Phaedrus?(229E),?Philebus?(48C),?Laws?(II.923A),?Alcibiades I?(124A, 129A, 132C). In Plato's?Charmides, Critias argues that "succeeding sages who added 'never too much', or, 'give a pledge, and evil is nigh at hand', would appear to have so misunderstood them; for they imagined that 'know thyself!' was a piece of advice which the god gave, and not his salutation of the worshippers at their first coming in; and they dedicated their own inscription under the idea that they too would give equally useful pieces of advice.?In Critias' opinion "know thyself!" was an admonition to those entering the sacred temple to remember or know their place and that "know thyself!" and "be temperate!" are the same.In the balance of the?Charmides, Plato has Socrates lead a longer inquiry as to how we may gain knowledge of ourselves. In Plato's?Phaedrus, Socrates uses the maxim "know thyself" as his explanation to Phaedrus to explain why he has no time for the attempts to rationally explain mythology or other far flung topics. Socrates says, "But I have no leisure for them at all; and the reason, my friend, is this: I am not yet able, as the Delphic inscription has it, to know myself; so it seems to me ridiculous, when I do not yet know that, to investigate irrelevant things." Socrates says examples of them are, "the far-famed inscriptions, which are in all men's mouths—'Know thyself', and 'Nothing too much'".[22]?Having lauded the maxims, Socrates then spends a great deal of time getting to the bottom of what one of them means, the saying of Pittacus, "Hard is it to be good." The irony here is that although the sayings of Delphi bear "great force", it is not clear how to live life in accordance with their meanings. Although, the concise and broad nature of the sayings suggests the active partaking in the usage and personal discovery of each maxim; as if the intended nature of the saying lay not in the words but the self-reflection and self-referencing of the person thereof. In Plato's?Philebus?dialogue, Socrates refers back to the same usage of "know thyself" from?Phaedrus?to build an example of the ridiculous for Protarchus. Socrates says, as he did in Phaedrus, that people make themselves appear ridiculous when they are trying to know obscure things before they know themselves.[23]?Plato also alluded to the fact that understanding "thyself" would have a greater yielded factor of understanding the nature of a human being. Syllogistically, understanding oneself would enable thyself to have an understanding of others as a result. Self-knowledge was an important concept in the writings of the 12-13th century Spanish Scholar ?Ibn Arabi. He distinguished between various philosophical and mystical meanings of "Know Thyself". One work by the Medieval philosopher?Peter Abelard?is titled?Scito te ipsum?("know yourself") or?Ethica. From 1539 onward, the phrase?nosce te ipsum?and its Latin variants were used in the anonymous texts written for?anatomical fugitive sheets?printed in Venice as well as for later anatomical atlases printed throughout Europe. The 1530s fugitive sheets are the first instances in which the phrase was applied to knowledge of the human body attained through dissection. In 1600, in his play?Hamlet, Shakespeare writes, "To thine own self be true." In 1734,?Alexander Pope?wrote a poem entitled "An Essay on Man, Epistle II", which begins "Know then thyself, presume not God to scan, The proper study of mankind is Man." In 1735,?Carl Linnaeus?published the first edition of?Systema Naturae?in which he described humans (Homo) with the simple phrase "Nosce te ipsum". In 1750,?Benjamin Franklin, in his?Poor Richard's Almanack, observed the great difficulty of knowing one's self, with: "There are three Things extremely hard, Steel, a Diamond, and to know one's self." In 1754,?Jean-Jacques Rousseau?lauded the "inscription of the Temple at Delphi" in his?Discourse on the Origin of Inequality. In 1831,?Ralph Waldo Emerson?wrote a poem titled "Γν?θι Σεαυτ?ν", or Gnothi Seauton ('Know Thyself'), on the theme of "God in thee". The poem was an anthem to Emerson's belief that to "know thyself" meant knowing the God that Emerson felt existed within each person. In 1832,?Samuel T. Coleridge?wrote a poem titled "Self Knowledge" in which the text centers on the Delphic maxim "Know Thyself" beginning "Gn?thi seauton!—and is this the prime And heaven-sprung adage of the olden time!—" and ending with "Ignore thyself, and strive to know thy God!" Coleridge's text references JUVENAL, xi. In 1857,?Allan Kardec?asks in?The Spirits Book?(question 919): "What is the most effective method for guaranteeing self-improvement and resisting the attraction of wrongdoing?" and obtains the answer from the Spirits "A philosopher of antiquity once said, 'Know thyself'". Acknowledging the wisdom of the maxim, he then asks about the means of acquiring self-knowledge, obtaining a detailed answer with practical instructions and philosophical-moral considerations. In 1902,?Hugo von Hofmannsthal?had his 16th-century alter ego in his letter to Francis Bacon mention a book he intended to call?Nosce te ipsum. In 1978?Idries Shah?wrote in?Learning How to Learn, p. 38, "People have to know more about themselves before they take on what are so often misconceived projects." In 1997 he explained "Know Thyself" thus in?The Commanding Self, p.?15, "'He who knows himself, knows his Lord' means, among other things, that self-deception prevents knowledge... The first self about which to obtain knowledge is the secondary, false self which stands in the way..." The theme of knowing oneself and knowing God is also featured in the above citations from Ibn Arabi, Pope, Coleridge and Emerson, in different ways. The Wachowskis?used one of the Latin versions (temet nosce) of this aphorism as inscription over the Oracle's kitchen doorway in their movies?The Matrix?(1999)[34]?and?The Matrix Revolutions?(2003).[35]?The character?Nomi?from the series?Sense8, also directed by The Wachowskis, has a tattoo on her arm with the Greek version of this phrase. "Know Thyself" is the motto of Hamilton College of?Lyceum International School?(Nugegoda, Sri Lanka) and of??pek University?(Ankara, Turkey).?The Latin phrase "Nosce te ipsum" is the motto of?Landmark College.] Who am I? I am a man. Homo sapiens (Latin: "wise man") is the taxonomic binomial species name for humans.Homo?(from?Latin?homō?'man') is the?genus?that emerged in the genus?Australopithecus?that encompasses the extant species?Homo sapiens?(modern humans), Basically the word of “Humans”?comes from the Latin word of Homo sapiens are the most abundant and widespread?species?of?primate, characterized by?large complex?brains. This has enabled the development of advanced?tools,?culture, and?language. Humans are highly social and tend to live in complex?social structures?composed of many cooperating and competing groups, from?families?and?kinship?networks to political?states.?Social interactions?between humans have established a wide variety of values,?social norms, and?rituals, which bolster human?society. Curiosity and the human desire to understand and influence the environment and to explain and manipulate phenomena have motivated humanity's development of?science,?philosophy,?mythology,?religion, and other fields of study. What material is my body made of? Humans have a large and highly developed?prefrontal cortex, the region of the brain associated with higher?cognition. They are intelligent, capable of?episodic memory, have flexible facial expressions,?self-awareness?and a?theory of mind. The human mind is capable of?introspection, private?thought,?imagination,?volition?and forming views on?existence. This has allowed great technological advancements and complex tool development possible through reason and the transmission of knowledge to future generations. Language, art and trade are defining characteristics of humans.(Source:Wikipedia, Encyclopedia). Human Body Structures ? The?human body?is the structure of a?human being. It comprises a?head,?neck,?trunk?(which includes the?thorax?and?abdomen),?arms?and?hands,?legs?and?feet. It is composed of many different types of?cells?that together create?tissues?and subsequently?organ systems. They ensure?homeostasis?and the?viability?of the human body. Anatomy Human?anatomy?is the study of the shape and form of the human body. The human body has four?limbs?(two arms and two legs), a head and a?neck?which connect to the?torso. The body's shape is determined by a strong?skeleton?made of?bone?and?cartilage, surrounded by fat, muscle, connective tissue, organs, and other structures. The?spine?at the back of the skeleton contains the flexible?vertebral column?which surrounds the?spinal cord, which is a collection of nerve fibres connecting the brain to the rest of the body.?Nerves?connect the spinal cord and brain to the rest of the body. All major bones, muscles, and nerves in the body are named, with the exception of?anatomical variations?such as?sesamoid bones?and?accessory muscles. Blood vessels carry blood throughout the body, which moves because of the beating of the?heart. Venules and?veins?collect blood low in oxygen from tissues throughout the body. These collect in progressively larger veins until they reach the body's two largest veins, the?superior?and?inferior vena cava, which drain blood into the right side of the heart. From here, the blood is pumped into the?lungs?where it receives oxygen and drains back into the left side of the heart. From here, it is pumped into the body's largest?artery, the?aorta, and then progressively smaller arteries and arterioles until it reaches tissue. Here blood passes from small arteries into?capillaries, then small veins and the process begins again. Blood carries?oxygen, waste products, and?hormones?from one place in the body to another. Blood is filtered at the?kidneys?and?liver. The body consists of a number of?body cavities, separated areas which house different organ systems. The brain and?central nervous system?reside in an area protected from the rest of the body by the?blood brain barrier. The lungs sit in the?pleural cavity. The?intestines,?liver, and?spleen?sit in the?abdominal cavity. Height, weight,?shape?and other?body proportions?vary individually and with age and sex. Body shape is influenced by the distribution of bones,?muscle?and?fat tissue. The study of the human body involves?anatomy,?physiology,?histology?and?embryology. The body?varies anatomically?in known ways.?Physiology?focuses on the systems and organs of the human body and their functions. Many systems and mechanisms interact in order to maintain?homeostasis, with safe levels of substances such as sugar and oxygen in the blood. The body consists of many different types of?tissue, defined as cells that act with a specialised function.[10]?The study of tissues is called?histology?and often occurs with a?microscope. The body consists of four main types of tissues. These are lining cells (epithelia),?connective tissue,?nerve tissue?and?muscle tissue. Composed The?human body is composed of?elements?including?hydrogen,?oxygen,?carbon,?calcium?and?phosphorus. ?"Chemical Composition of the Human Body".?About education. Retrieved?2 September?2016?These elements reside in trillions of cells and non-cellular components of the body. The adult male body is about 60%?water?for a total water content of some 42 litres (9.2?imp?gal; 11?US?gal). This is made up of about 19 litres (4.2?imp?gal; 5.0?US?gal) of extracellular fluid including about 3.2 litres (0.70?imp?gal; 0.85?US?gal) of blood plasma and about 8.4 litres (1.8?imp?gal; 2.2?US?gal) of?interstitial fluid, and about 23 litres (5.1?imp?gal; 6.1?US?gal) of fluid inside cells. "Fluid Physiology".?Anaesthesiamcq. Archived from?the original?on 3 May 2005. Retrieved?2 September?2016.?The content, acidity and composition of the water inside and outside cells is carefully maintained. The main electrolytes in body water outside cells are?sodium?and?chloride, whereas within cells it is?potassium?and other?phosphates. (Source:?Ganong's 2016, p.?5 Cells The body contains trillions of?cells, the fundamental unit of life.?At maturity, there are roughly 30[5]–37.?trillion cells in the body, an estimate arrived at by totaling the cell numbers of all the?organs?of the body and?cell types. The body is also host to about the same number of non-human cells?as well as?multi cellular organisms?which reside in the?gastrointestinal tract?and on the skin.?Not all parts of the body are made from cells. Cells sit in an?extracellular matrix?that consists of proteins such as?collagen, surrounded by extracellular fluids. Of the 70?kg (150?lb) weight of an average human body, nearly 25?kg (55?lb) is non-human cells or non-cellular material such as bone and connective tissue. Organs Organs, structured collections of?cells?with a specific function,[12]?mostly sit within the body, with the exception of?skin. Examples include the?heart,?lungs?and?liver. Many organs reside within?cavities?within the body. These cavities include the?abdomen?(which contains the stomach, for example) and?pleura, which contains the lungs. Genome Cells in the body function because of?DNA. DNA sits within the?nucleus?of a cell. Here, parts of DNA are?copied?and sent to the body of the cell via?RNA.[8]?The RNA is then used to?create?proteins?which form the basis for cells, their activity, and their products. Proteins dictate cell function and gene expression, a cell is able to self-regulate by the amount of proteins produced.?However, not all cells have DNA; some cells such as mature?red blood cells?lose their nucleus as they mature. The body consists of many different types of?tissue, defined as cells that act with a specialised function.[10]?The study of tissues is called?histology?and often occurs with a?microscope. The body consists of four main types of tissues. These are lining cells (epithelia),?connective tissue,?nerve tissue?and?muscle tissue. Systems of human Bodies ? Circulatory system The?circulatory system?consists of the human?heart?and?blood vessels?(arteries,?veins?and?capillaries). The heart propels the circulation of the blood, which serves as a "transportation system" to transfer?oxygen, fuel, nutrients, waste products, immune cells and signaling molecules (i.e.?hormones) from one part of the body to another. Paths of blood circulation within the human body can be divided into two circuits: the?pulmonary circuit, which pumps blood to the lungs to receive?oxygen?and leave?carbon dioxide, and the systemic circuit, which carries blood from the heart off to the rest of the body. The blood consists of fluid that carries?cells?in the circulation, including some that move from tissue to blood vessels and back, as well as the?spleen?and?bone marrow. Digestive system The?digestive system?consists of the mouth including the?tongue?and?teeth,?esophagus,?stomach, (gastrointestinal tract,?small?and?large intestines, and?rectum), as well as the?liver,?pancreas,?gallbladder, and?salivary glands. It converts food into small, nutritional, non-toxic?molecules?for distribution and absorption into the body. These molecules take the form of?proteins?(which are broken down into?amino acids),?fats,?vitamins?and?minerals?(the last of which are mainly ionic rather than molecular). After being?swallowed, food moves through the?gastrointestinal tract?by means of?peristalsis: the systematic expansion and contraction of muscles to push food from one area to the next. Digestion begins in the?mouth, which?chews?food into smaller pieces for easier digestion. Then it is?swallowed, and moves through the?esophagus?to the?stomach. In the stomach, food is mixed with?gastric acids?to allow the extraction of?nutrients. Endocrine system The?endocrine system?consists of the principal?endocrine glands: the?pituitary,?thyroid,?adrenals,?pancreas and?gonads, but nearly all organs and tissues produce specific endocrine?hormones?as well. The endocrine hormones serve as signals from one body system to another regarding an enormous array of conditions, and resulting in variety of changes of function. Immune system The?immune system?consists of the?white blood cells, the?thymus,?lymph nodes?and?lymph?channels, which are also part of the?lymphatic system. The immune system provides a mechanism for the body to distinguish its own cells and tissues from outside cells and substances and to neutralize or destroy the latter by using specialized proteins such as?antibodies,?cytokines, and?toll-like receptors, among many others. Integumentary system The?integumentary system?consists of the covering of the body (the skin), including hair and?nails?as well as other functionally important structures such as the?sweat glands?and?sebaceous glands. The skin provides containment, structure, and protection for other organs, and serves as a major sensory interface with the outside world. Lymphatic system The?lymphatic system?extracts, transports and metabolizes lymph, the fluid found in between cells. The lymphatic system is similar to the circulatory system in terms of both its structure and its most basic function, to carry a body fluid. Musculoskeletal system The?musculoskeletal system?consists of the?human skeleton?(which includes?bones,?ligaments,?tendons, and?cartilage) and attached?muscles. It gives the body basic structure and the ability for movement. In addition to their structural role, the larger bones in the body contain?bone marrow, the site of production of blood cells. Also, all bones are major storage sites for?calcium?and?phosphate. This system can be split up into the?muscular system?and the?skeletal system. Nervous system The?nervous system?consists of the body's?neurons?and?glial?cells, which together form the?nerves,?ganglia?and?gray matter?which in turn form the?brain?and related structures. The brain is the organ of?thought, emotion,?memory, and?sensory processing; it serves many aspects of communication and controls various systems and functions. The?special senses?consist of?vision,?hearing,?taste, and?smell. The?eyes,?ears,?tongue, and nose gather information about the body's environment. From a structural perspective, the?nervous system?is typically subdivided into two component parts: the?central nervous system?(CNS), composed of the brain and the?spinal cord; and the?peripheral nervous system?(PNS), composed of the nerves and?ganglia?outside the brain and spinal cord. The CNS is mostly responsible for organizing?motion, processing?sensory information, thought, memory,?cognition?and other such functions.?It remains a matter of some debate whether the?CNS?directly gives rise to?consciousness.?The?peripheral nervous system?(PNS) is mostly responsible for gathering information with?sensory neurons?and directing body movements with?motor neurons. From a functional perspective, the nervous system is again typically divided into two component parts: the?somatic nervous system?(SNS) and the?autonomic nervous system?(ANS). The SNS is involved in voluntary functions like?speaking?and?sensory processes. The ANS is involved in involuntary processes, such as?digestion?and regulating?blood pressure. The nervous system is subject to many different diseases. In?epilepsy, abnormal electrical activity in the brain can cause?seizures. In?multiple sclerosis, the?immune system?attacks the?nerve linings, damaging the nerves' ability to transmit signals.?Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?(ALS), also known as?Lou Gehrig's disease, is a?motor neuron?disease which gradually reduces movement in patients. There are also many other diseases of the nervous system. Heart ? The heart is an organ located in the?thoracic cavity?between the?lungs?and slightly to the left. It is surrounded by the?pericardium?which holds it in place in the?mediastinum?and serves to protect it from blunt trauma,?infection?and help lubricate the movement of the heart via?pericardial fluid.[13]?The heart works by?pumping blood around the body?allowing?oxygen,?nutrients,?waste,?hormones?and?white blood cells?to be transported. The heart is composed of?two atrium?and?two ventricles. The primary purpose of the atrium is to allow uninterrupted venous blood flow to the heart during?ventricular systole. This allows enough blood to get into the ventricles during?atrial systole. A lack of the atrium would cause a?decrease in cardiac output?of 75%. Coronary artery disease?is the?leading cause of death worldwide, making up 16% of all deaths.It is caused by the buildup of?plaque?in the?coronary arteries?supplying the heart, eventually the arteries may become so narrow that?not enough blood?is able to reach the?myocardium,[18]?a condition known as?myocardial infarction or heart attack, this can cause?heart failure?or?cardiac arrest?and eventually death. Soul 1.???? In many religious, philosophical, and?mythological?traditions there is belief in a?soul?as the incorporeal?essence?of a living being.[1]?Soul or?psyche?(Ancient Greek: ψυχ??psykh?, of ψ?χειν?psykhein, "to breathe", cf.?Latin?'anima') comprises the mental abilities of a living being: reason, character, feeling, consciousness,?qualia, memory, perception, thinking, etc. Depending on the philosophical system, a soul can either be?mortal?or?immortal. ?(Sources: i) "Soul (noun)".?Oxford English Dictionary?(Online?ed.).?Oxford University Press. Retrieved?1 December?2016.?(Subscription or?participating institution membership?required.) ii)?"Soul (noun)".?Oxford English Dictionary?(Online?ed.).?Oxford University Press. Retrieved?1 December?2016.?(Subscription or?participating institution membership?required.) Greek philosophers, such as?Socrates,?Plato, and?Aristotle, understood that the soul (ψυχ??psykh?) must have a logical faculty, the exercise of which was the most divine of human actions. At his defense trial, Socrates even summarized his teachings as nothing other than an exhortation for his fellow Athenians to excel in matters of the psyche since all bodily goods are dependent on such excellence (Apology?30a–b). Aristotle reasoned that a man's body and soul were his matter and form respectively: the body is a collection of elements and the soul is the essence.?Thomas Aquinas?took this view into Christianity. Thomas Aquinas, borrowing directly from Aristotle's?On the Soul, attributed "soul" (anima) to all organisms but argued that only human souls are immortal. (Sources: i) Peter Eardley and Carl Still, Aquinas: A Guide for the Perplexed (London: Continuum, 2010), pp. 34–35 ii) Wikipedia, Encyclopedia).? The Modern English word?soul, derived from?Old English?sáwol, sáwel?which means immortal principle in man, was first attested in the 8th century poem?Beowulf?v. 2820 and in the?Vespasian Psalter?77.50?. It is cognate with other German and?Baltic?terms for the same idea, including?Gothic?saiwala,?Old High German?sêula, sêla,?Old Saxon?sêola,?Old Low Franconian?sêla, s?la,?Old Norse?sála?and?Lithuanian?siela. Deeper etymology of the?Germanic?word is unclear. The original concept behind the Germanic root is thought to mean “coming from or belonging to the sea?(or?lake)”, because of the Germanic and pre-Celtic belief in souls emerging from and returning to?sacred lakes,?Old Saxon?sêola?(soul) compared to?Old Saxon?sêo?(sea). Physiology Human?physiology?is the study of how the human body functions. This includes the mechanical, physical,?bioelectrical, and?biochemical?functions of humans in good health, from?organs?to the?cells?of which they are composed. The human body consists of many interacting systems of organs. These interact to maintain?homeostasis, keeping the body in a stable state with safe levels of substances such as sugar and oxygen in the blood. Each system contributes to homeostasis, of itself, other systems, and the entire body. Some combined systems are referred to by joint names. For example, the nervous system and the endocrine system operate together as the?neuroendocrine system. The nervous system receives information from the body, and transmits this to the brain via?nerve impulses?and?neurotransmitters. At the same time, the?endocrine system?releases hormones, such as to help regulate?blood pressure?and volume. Together, these systems regulate the internal environment of the body, maintaining blood flow, posture, energy supply, temperature, and acid balance. [ Winkelman, Michael (2002). "Shamanic universals and evolutionary psychology". Journal of Ritual Studies. 16 (2): 63–76. JSTOR 44364143.63] Philosophical views The?ancient Greeks?used the word "ensouled" to represent the concept of being "alive", indicating that the earliest surviving?western philosophical?view believed that the soul was that which gave the body life.[90]?The soul was considered the incorporeal or spiritual "breath" that animates (from the Latin,?anima, cf. "animal") the living organism. Francis M. Cornford?quotes?Pindar?by saying that the soul sleeps while the limbs are active, but when one is sleeping, the soul is active and reveals "an award of joy or sorrow drawing near" in dreams.[ Francis M. Cornford, Greek Religious Thought, p. 64, referring to Pindar, Fragment 131] Erwin Rohde?writes that an early pre-Pythagorean?belief presented the soul as lifeless when it departed the body, and that it retired into?Hades?with no hope of returning to a body.[ Erwin Rohde, Psyche, 1928] Plato was the first thinker in antiquity to combine the various functions of the soul into one coherent conception: the soul is that which moves things (i.e., that which gives life, on the view that life is self-motion) by means of its thoughts, requiring that it be both a mover and a thinker.[ Campbell, Douglas (2021). "Self‐Motion and Cognition: Plato's Theory of the Soul". The Southern Journal of Philosophy. 59: 523–544] Science Some scientists, such as Julien Musolino, hold that the mind is merely a complex machine that operates on the same physical laws as all other objects in the universe. ? According to Musolino, there is currently no scientific evidence whatsoever to support the existence of the soul and there is considerable evidence that seems to indicate that souls do not exist. [Sources: i) Musolino, Julien (2015).?The Soul Fallacy: What Science Shows We Gain from Letting Go of Our Soul Beliefs. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. pp.?21–38.?ISBN?978-1-61614-962-8.ii)Wikipedia, Encyclopedia)]. The search for the soul, however, is seen to have been instrumental in driving the understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the human body, particularly in the fields of cardiovascular and neurology. [Sources:i) Santoro, G; Wood, MD; Merlo, L; Anastasi, GP; Tomasello, F; Germanò, A (October 2009). "The anatomic location of the soul from the heart, through the brain, to the whole body, and beyond: a journey through Western history, science, and philosophy". Neurosurgery. 65 (4): 633–43, discussion 643. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000349750.22332.6A. PMID 19834368. S2CID 27566267. ii) Wikipedia, Encyclopedia)]. Neuroscience Neuroscience as an interdisciplinary field and its branch of cognitive neuroscience particularly, operates under the ontological assumption of physics. In other words, it assumes that only the fundamental phenomena studied by physics exist. Thus, neuroscience seeks to understand mental phenomena within the framework according to which human thought and behavior are caused solely by physical processes taking place inside the brain, and it operates by the way of reductionism by seeking an explanation for the mind in terms of brain activity. [Sources: i) O. Carter Snead. "Cognitive Neuroscience and the Future of Punishment Archived 5 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine" (2010). ?ii) Kandel, ER; Schwartz JH; Jessell TM; Siegelbaum SA; Hudspeth AJ. "Principles of Neural Science, Fifth Edition" (2012).iii) Wikipedia, Encyclopedia] 1.????? Some[quantify] theorists have invoked quantum indeterminism as an explanatory mechanism for possible soul/brain interaction, but neuroscientist Peter Clarke found errors with this viewpoint, noting there is no evidence that such processes play a role in brain function; Clarke concluded that a Cartesian soul has no basis from quantum physics.[Sources: i) ?Clarke, Peter. (2014).?Neuroscience, Quantum Indeterminism and the Cartesian Soul?Archived?10 September 2017 at the?Wayback Machine. Brain and cognition 84: 109–17 ii) Wikipedia, Encyclopedia). Parapsychology Some parapsychologists have attempted to establish, by scientific experiment, whether a soul separate from the brain exists, as is more commonly defined in religion rather than as a synonym of psyche or mind. Milbourne Christopher (1979) and Mary Roach (2010) have argued that none of the attempts by parapsychologists have yet succeeded. [Sources: i) Milbourne Christopher. (1979). Search for the Soul: An Insider's Report on the Continuing Quest by Psychics and Scientists for Evidence of Life After Death. Thomas Y. Crowell, Publishers. ii) Mary Roach. (2010). Spook: Science Tackles the Afterlife. Canongate Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84767-080-9 iii) Wikipedia, Encyclopedia)]. What is Death? ? Indeed,the “Death” is the last final step for a human in the Earthy life. Death?is the?irreversible?cessation of all?biological functions?that sustain an?organism.[ "death". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d. Retrieved 27 February 2021]?Brain death?is sometimes used as a legal definition of death.[ brain death.?Dictionary.com Unabridged?(Online). n.d. Retrieved?27 February?2021] The remains of a former organism normally begin to?decompose?shortly after death. Death is an inevitable, universal process that eventually occurs in all organisms. Death is generally applied to whole organisms; the similar process seen in individual components of an organism, such as cells or tissues, is?necrosis. The concept of death is a key to human understanding of the phenomenon.[ Samir Hossain Mohammad; Gilbert Peter (2010). "Concepts of Death: A key to our adjustment". Illness, Crisis and Loss. 18 (1)]?There are many scientific approaches and various interpretations of the concept. Additionally, the advent of life-sustaining therapy and the numerous criteria for defining death from both a medical and legal standpoint, have made it difficult to create a single unifying definition. It is possible to define life in terms of consciousness. When consciousness ceases, an organism can be said to have died. One of the flaws in this approach is that there are many organisms that are alive but probably not conscious. Another problem is in defining consciousness, which has many different definitions given by modern scientists, psychologists and philosophers. Additionally, many religious traditions, including?Abrahamic?and?Dharmic?traditions, hold that death does not (or may not) entail the end of consciousness. In certain cultures, death is more of a process than a single event. It implies a slow shift from one spiritual state to another.[Metcalf, Peter; Huntington, Richard (1991). Celebrations of Death: The Anthropology of Mortuary Ritual. New York: Cambridge Press.[page needed] Today, where a definition of the moment of death is required, doctors and coroners usually turn to "brain death" or "biological death" to define a person as being dead; people are considered dead when the electrical activity in their brain ceases. It is presumed that an end of electrical activity indicates the end of?consciousness. Suspension of consciousness must be permanent, and not transient, as occurs during certain?sleep?stages, and especially a?coma. In the past, adoption of this whole-brain definition was a conclusion of the President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research in 1980.[11]?They concluded that this approach to defining death sufficed in reaching a uniform definition nationwide. A multitude of reasons were presented to support this definition including: uniformity of standards in law for establishing death; consumption of a family's fiscal resources for artificial life support; and legal establishment for equating brain death with death in order to proceed with organ donation.[Source: Sarbey, Ben (1 December 2016).?"Definitions of death: brain death and what matters in a person".?Journal of Law and the Biosciences.?3?(3): 743–752.?doi:10.1093/jlb/lsw054.?PMC?5570697.?PMID?28852554. A?cemetery?or?graveyard?is a place where the remains of?dead?people are?interred. The word?cemetery?(from?Greek?κοιμητ?ριον, "sleeping place") [Source:i) κοιμητ?ριον. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project).ii) Harper, Douglas. "cemetery". Online Etymology Dictionary] The intact or cremated remains of people may be interred in a grave and the grave is the final outcome of Earthy human life. Cemetery?or?Graveyard: Indeed,the grave is the final outcome of Earthy human life and first step of hereafter life. Belief in the resurrection from the grave life:The basis of interfaith harmony In light or sense of religion, the cemetery?or?graveyard system is being indicated that the Christians, Jews and Muslims are not merely Semitic race but also the common Believers in the resurrection from the grave, they are followers of Prophet of Allah (God) Ibraheem/Abraham (A'lyhimus Salam), Who is common "Father of the said 3 nations". Belief in the resurrection from the grave life: In light of Holy Quran ?????? ????? ????????????? ??????????? ? 1.????? In the name of Allah (God), Most Gracious, Most Merciful. ??- ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????. “And he makes comparisons For Us, and forgets his own (Origin and) Creation : He says, “?Who can give Life to (dry) bones And decomposed ones (at that) ?” ? Sūrah 36: Yā-Sīn?(being Abbreviated Letters) Verses 83 — Makki; Revealed at Makka — Sections 5, Ayat: 78), Translation by Abdullah Yusuf Ali, About QuranYusufAli.com?? ??- ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? Say, “ He will give them Life Who created them For the first time ! For He is well-versed In every kind of creation!—Sūrah 36: Yā-Sīn,, Ayat: 79) Does man think that We Cannot assemble his bones? ?- ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ?- ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? Nay, We are able to put Together in perfect order The very tips of his fingers. Sūrah 75: Qiyāmat,?or the Ressurrection Verses 40 — Makki; Revealed at Makka — Sections 2, Ayat: 3-4) .?- ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????????? And verily the Hour will come : There can be no doubt About it, or about (the fact) That God will raise up All who are in the graves. Sūrah 22: Hajj,?or The Pilgrimage,Verses 78 — Madani; Revealed at Medina — Sections 10, Ayat: 7) Belief in the resurrection from the grave life: In light of Al Hadith ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???: " ??? ???????? ??????" ?????: ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???: ????? ?????: ?????? ???? ???: ????? ?????: ?????? ?????? ???: ????" ????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????" ((???? ????)). Abu Hurairah (May Allah be pleased with him) said: The Prophet (?) said, "Between the two Blowing of the Trumpet there will be an interval of forty." The people said, "O Abu Hurairah! Do you mean forty days?" He said, "I cannot say anything." They said, "Do you mean forty years?" He said, "I cannot say anything." They said, "Do you mean forty months?" He said, "I cannot say anything. The Prophet added: 'Everything of the human body will perish except the last coccyx bone (end part of the spinal cord), and from that bone Allah will reconstruct the whole body. Then Allah will send down water from the sky and people will grow like green vegetables'." [Al- Bukhari and Muslim]. Reference: Riyad as-Salihin 1836,In-book reference:?Book 18, Hadith 29 It is to be noted that the bone or triangular position is important as the edge holder of the nervous system of the human body. The plexus that is present here is called "Muladhara" [(i.e. coccyx) (Source: Science, Traditional Religion, World Civilization-Chapter 4: Govardhan Gopaldas, India, Source: Weekly Sonar Bangla)]. The experiment showed that a hard bone called "usus" (coccyx) was born just 2 (two) weeks after the sperm was fertilized with the ovary. After the 3rd week, a long stalk is formed from this bone which later forms the vertebral bone and gradually the full human body is formed. On the 15th day, the surface of the embryo is observed to have its primary quality or religion at a specific "primary junction". The place where the primary quality / religion is manifested is called the "surface of the fetus". The primary traits and the embryonic cells and organs that form from the junction are as follows: 1.Ectoderm (embryo): composed of central muscles and skin ? 2 Mesoderm): In the formation of digestive system churning muscle, skeletal muscle, circulatory system, heart, bone, reproductive and urinary system formation (excluding bladder), subcutaneous cells, nasal system, spleen and urinary glands. 3. Endoderm: Boundaries of digestive system, respiratory system, organs related to digestive system (except liver and pancreas), bladder, larynx etc. are formed at this stage. Then the primary trait / religion and the junction are located in the triangular bone area of the buttocks at the end of the spine so that the usus coccyx is formed. Note that even though hundreds of thousands of millions of years have passed since the graveyard life, the existence of this super-atomic particle in the tiny, fine-grained human body of bones or coccyx will continue to exist. For this reason, the scientists unhesitatingly admit: Scientists cannot create or destroy small, large, original, original, or genuinely small and large objects. It is pertinent to note that after the embryos are formed from the initial traits and junctions, they are located in the last bones of the spine and retain their characteristics. Thus, it is evident that the triangle contains the original cells, which bear witness to the resurrection of mankind on the Day of Resurrection from the usus narrated in the Holy Hadith of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah (Peace be upon him). From "usus" (bone-coccyx), it is possible to recreate the human race which has the primary qualities/characteristics. One of the researchers who proved this was the German scientist Hans Spiemann. After experimenting with the initial quality and the junction, he found that these were the basic building blocks of the embryo. So he named them primary organizers. In 1931, Hans Spiemann dismantled the initial organization.Hans boiled it in 1933 and found that it did not cause any cell damage but discovered to a second embryo. It is to be noted that Dr. Osman Al Jilani and Sheikh Abd-Al Majid Azandani conducted extensive research on "Usus" (bone-Coccyx) in the month of Ramadan 1423 AH. It is to be noted that Dr. Osman Al Jilani and Sheikh Abd-Al Majid Azandani conducted extensive research on "Usus" (bone-Coccyx) in the month of Ramadan 1423 AH. ? In that study, 1 in 2 of the 5 "usus" (bone-coccyx) spinal "usus" (bone-coccyx) were burned on a rock for at least 10 minutes with the help of gas. Bone-Coccyx) shoots first turn red and then cool down to black color i.e. coal. ? The said "Ussus" (bone-Coccyx) coal was taken in a sterile box to the most famous Laboratory-Al Olaki Laboratory in Sana'a. "(Bone-Coccyx) did not have a major effect, meaning that only the fat cells were burned, but the original" Ussus "(Bone-Coccyx) remained alive.(Subhaanallah). Under the above circumstances, the study proves that coccyx(Usus) buried in the womb of the Semitic nation's grave/cemetery system is merely not revive; moreover, non-Semitic i.e., Aryan believers in the Hereafter, who burn their dead in crematoriums, have proved to be alive hereafter by coccyx(Usua) and there is no problem in being buried or cremated for resurrection by reviving of coccyx. This also proves that Semitic, non-Semitic identities are in the same position in the theory of revival, which is a reminder of inter-communal common identities as mankind between Semitic as well as Aryan (Non Semitic) ? “???? ??? ?? ???? ?????, ?????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ????? ????? ??????”? We are that nation We have brought friendship, Equality And have made the world as kinship. (National Poet of Bangladesh Qazi Najrul Islam). It may be noted that the basis for uniting the Semitic-non-Semitic or the whole human race is Adam or Adam Alaihimus Salam - who is called “Abul Bashar” i.e., the father of the human race. On the other hand, the only name of the major Semitic religions in the world is called “Monotheistic” religion - another name is “Deen Al Abraham (Ibrahim)”. According to that source, Ibrahim Alaihimus Salam is the father of a single nation of Semitic religions. The idea is that Nooh (Noah) who is called “Sunny Adam” or “Second Adam”, who is the father of the second (Sunny) identical race of the whole human race, whether Semitic or non-Semitic. On the other hand the Semitic and Aryan-the emergence of human beings on earth with these two ethno-nationalities who are essentially believers in the same Creator and the same Renaissance. In such a diverse world, the third race called Atheism (Naturalist) is though insignificant in number but they are not rare and they are an integral part of the human race. However, they do not have an ethnically distinct ethnicity. They are born and die and are buried in any one of the two ethnic groups, the Semitic and the Aryan. But it is fact that though there is no ethical problem or contradiction in the bone-coccyx based theory with third nationalism called Atheism (Naturalist) but they are ideologically strong rivalry by ideological conflict in the context of belief in the Creator versus disbelief. Noted that almost all people in the world believe in God with one way or another. But declaring no confidence by third nationalist against it by means declaring disagreement with the majority of the world, which is the main obstacle in the way of inter-communal harmony and assured establishment of world Peace. Type of disbelieving: The following questions and their answers can be found in a Question & Answar program on German Radio Deutsche Welle: 1. What do you think happens to people after death? some one (A.Rahman) asked to an Atheistic's (Naturalist). Answer: The Atheist (Naturalist) demands that "After death, our body decomposes and melts into the ground. Since my brain, where all my memories are stored, which is the center of all emotions and love, my existence ends when the blood flow in that brain stops. When that brain mixes with the soil, it becomes organic fertilizer that grows on a tree is useful So the correct answer to what happens to us after death is, we-our body goes back to nature.” An analysis on arguments of disbelievers in light of by applying Atheist Carl Sagan’s quoted of deep knowledge: ? Interpretation-analysis-Opinion ? i)?After death, our body decomposes into the ground. Since it seems to me that my brain, where all my memories are stored, is the center of all emotions, love, my existence ends when stops blood flow to that brain. ? Interpretation-analysis and Opinion: After death, our body * decomposes * into the ground: it is true because, the human body is mainly composed of two parts namely: 1) bones, teeth, skulls, etc i.e., solid objects 2) blood-flesh-fat-brain, veins-sub-veins etc i.e., soft objects. ? Since it seems to me that my brain, where all my memories are stored, is the center of all emotions, love, my existence ends when stops blood flow to that brain. With sophisticated medical procedures, death is not inevitable as soon as the blood flow to the brain stops. At most may be clinical death, which may result in the patient recovering from intensive care (ICU/CCU). ?So,existence does not have to end here. As soon as the actual death occurs due to stops heart beating, as a result my existence can end here unless there is happend miracle happend. Of course, when someone dies, he does not theoritically end, as does not any plant or animal. Rather, the plant leaves the seed, the animal leaves its egg or child and human leaves his next generation. ? ? ? When that brain merges with the soil, it becomes organic fertilizer. The fertilizer is used to grow any tree. ? Interpretation-analysis and Opinion: ? Indeed, it is universal true that when our brain bones, teeth, skulls, etc i.e., solid objects and blood-flesh-fat-brain, veins-sub-veins etc i.e., soft merges with the soil, it becomes organic fertilizer, which is used to grow any tree. ? ? ? Merges with the soil, it becomes organic fertilizer, which is used to grow any tree. ? Interpretation-analysis and Opinion: ? The called “Biological Fertilizer” of the atheists is called Usus in the Holy Hadith of Islam, that scientific name is Koksi. ? Note that before merging, the plant leaves its seed, the animal leaves its egg and human leaves his next generation. So my existence is not completely exhausted. ? ? So, the correct answer to what happens to us after death is, we-our body go back to nature. Interpretation-analysis and Opinion: So, the correct answer to what happens to us after death is, we-our body go back to nature. The called “NATURE” by the atheist is called “Allah” in the Holy Islamas well as in ancient Chritianity, now called God are same meaning as Creative. This opinion is not fully wrong but indirectly correct. What is Nature? ? Nature, in the broadest sense, is the physical world or universe. "Nature" can refer to the phenomena of the physical world, and also to life in general. The word nature is borrowed from the Old French nature and is derived from the Latin word natura, or "essential qualities, innate disposition", and in ancient times, literally meant "birth. [ Harper, Douglas. "nature". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved September 23, 2006.] ? Nature refers to the whole world. Nature refers to the visible and invisible things in the cosmic world, and the life and soul. ? Nature is the unit name of the universe created by the great Creator - where man is only an element; Such as in Solar era: Earthy trees, Seas, rivers, canals, animals, birds, hills, Sun, Moon ?etc. (Please may be visited for details of Nature: i) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature ii) https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ ??????? iii) https://www.pinterest.com/ramzanctg60/the-unique-nature-world-1442/ iv) https://www.pinterest.com/ramzanctg60/save-forest-save-earth/ v) https://www.pinterest.com/ramzanctg60/the-green-world-1442/ So, we have no creator, no need to exist - there is no chance to say that. It may be disbeliever’s own religion to say so-but it is not fair to say that it is intended to strike at once the common faith of almost all the peoples of the world-it is inhumane". ? 2. Wanted to know someone (Z.Hossain) that who is our Creator?" Atheistic's (Naturalist) Demand: We have no creator; there is no need to have it. The universe works according to the laws of physics, there is no need for a Creator. Stephen Hawking explains that in his book. Experiment: ? Answer"If it is said who is our creator? If the answer is called Nature, this answer is true, and then nature becomes meaning the alternative word of God, the Creator. Experiment: Who is our Creator? Wanted to know, Zakir Hossain. And has science proved that there is no creator? Asked, Akash Majumdar ? Atheistic's (Naturalist) Demand:: We have no Creator, there is no need to have it The universe works according to the laws of physics, there is no need for a Creator. Stephen Hawking explains that in his book. Stephen Hawking & Physics According to opinion of British Scientist Stephen Hawking, the universe was created from completely vacuum position. He also said that the creation of the universe through the gravitational ball. Stephen argues that there was no time before the creation of the universe; So God is not supposed to exist. In other words, Stephen Hawking did not find God in space, he only found the force of gravity - he claims that the universe was created merely the force of gravity. But it is question that where did that gravitational force come from and How? ? Note that according to Quantum Vacuum Theory, zero is not merely zero. Even complete air-free vacuum is not zero too, it contains energy. ? According to the Einstein's ‘Special Equation of Relativity’ the Matter and Energy are actually synonymous. The accumulated energy is the same as the frozen object (Biggan Chinta). The existence of energy in the zero state is not a new thing in Quantum Theory (Source: (Biggan Chinta, Page 35). Indeed, vacuum energy is the energy inherent in space that pervades the entire universe. It is based on Heisenberg's principle of uncertainty. Vacuum power has several meanings. In 1948, the Dutch physicists Heinrich Casimir and Dirk Polder predicted that there would be a weak force of attraction due to the resonance of the vacuum force between the two adjacent metal sheets. This is called Cassimi's action and it has been proven experimentally. This is why it is thought that vacuum energy is as real as the well-known concepts of electrons, magnetic fields, etc. Emanisnism and Cosmology Emanisnism is the concept of the origin, creation and change of the universe. The English word ‘emanisnism’ comes from the Latin word ‘emanare’ which means “To flow from ... to pour fourth or out of”. Emanisnism is the belief that all creation, all things originated from First Reality or First Principle or Perfect God. Emanisnism is a transcendental principle that is a miracle or something that is not in the knowledge of the people. According to this cosmology (Emanisnism ): Everything was not created from zero, but the very subtle and mighty omniscient single creator created this universe through well-planned and well-organized and strict discipline. ? In the light of the above description, it is clear that world management is practically governed by both i) Sensory and ii) Transcendental processes. If the visible matter (including planets and stars) is the body of the universe, then the invisible transcendental matter can be considered as the soul or spirit of that universe. ? Note that theoretical physics is a science centered only on gross and ultra-atomic matter - although in the recent past physics was a unit of both sensory and transcendental sciences. So, in order to fully understand the universe, physics had to bring back both the senses and the transcendental sciences to the natural sciences instead of the material sciences. During the 1980's, many attempts were made to establish the relationship of vacuum energy generating fields to specific fields in the theory of grand unification and to make sure that none of them matched the observations of the universe. However, the particles or fields that give rise to the density of vacuum energy is necessary in the theory of the expanding universe, but their exact nature is still a mystery.? What is Physics? ? The English term physics comes from the Greek φ?σι? (fungis) meaning "nature", and φυσικ? meaning "knowledge of nature". Quite abstractly, physics is the science that seeks to understand the world around us. [ H.D. Young & R.A. Freedman, University Physics with Modern Physics: 11th Edition: International Edition (2004), Addison Wesley. Chapter 1, section 1.1, page 2: "Physics is an experimental science. Physicists observe the phenomena of nature and try to find patterns and principles that relate these phenomena. These patterns are called physical theories or, when they are very well established and of broad use, physical laws or principles."] Physics is one of the most fundamental of the sciences. Scientists of all disciplines use the ideas of physics, including chemists who study the structure of molecules, paleontologists who try to reconstruct how dinosaurs walked, and climatologists who study how human activities affect the atmosphere and oceans. Physics is also the foundation of all engineering and technology. ↑?"Physics is an experimental science. Physicists observe the phenomena of nature and try to find patterns that relate these phenomena."Young ? Freedman 2014, ??.?2 ↑?"Physics is the study of your world and the world and universe around you." (Holzner 2006, ??.?7) Atheism, however, is not a new phenomenon. From time immemorial, a class of human beings has been holding different views on religion. About one and a half thousand years ago, there was such a suspicion that if you die, you will rot, how will man be resurrected? For further information please visit: WORLD SCIENCE-Research Center Part II.