The World Islamic Science-Tech Review January-February 2025 (Special issue on Gaza)
Muhammad Sheikh Ramzan Hossain
Chief Editor at Islamic Science-Tech Review
Let us urgently come forward to provide financial assistance for the reconstruction of Gaza, Palestine.?????????????????????
Muhammad Sheikh Ramzan Hossain, Editor-in-Chief, WISTR.
Now Islamic-relief-uk_islamic-relief ‘s teams in hashtag#Gaza,
?? Islamic-relief-uk_islamic-relief ‘s teams in hashtag#Gaza, alongside World Food Programme, have delivered tens of millions of warm meals to displaced Palestinians! We continue to be on the ground, supporting our brothers and sisters who need us most. ?? May Allah grant peace and ease to the people of hashtag#Palestine, ameen. ???
Hazem Helme Abu AnzaHazem Helme Abu Anza
News editor & Script Writer & content producer & Reported & Segment & Producer & Program GuestNews editor & Script Writer & content producer & Reported & Segment & Producer & Program Guest
Chicken and rice were distributed to families and orphaned children in Jabalia refugee camp in the northern Gaza Strip, after we implemented two distribution phases in the southern Gaza Strip. Thanks to the donors and contributors, during the next two days we will distribute about 200 food baskets (vegetables and fruits) to 200 families east of Khan Yunis city in the southern Gaza Strip.
For those who want to help, support and contribute, please use the following link.
?
Palestine Children's Relief Fund (PCRF)Palestine Children's Relief Fund (PCRF)21,077 followers21,077 followers12h ? 12 hours ago
Thousands of families in Gaza have lost their homes, facing the bitter cold with nowhere to turn. Due to the challenges in procuring materials, PCRF launched an initiative to provide disassemblable tents—safe, sturdy, and portable shelters— produced locally, to bring warmth and security to families in Yaffa Camp, Deir Al Balah, and Al-Dawa. This project was made possible through the partnership with Samaritan's Purse. A special thank you to the PCRF San Diego Chapter and San Diego community for sponsoring this project and playing a key role in making it happen. With your support, we can keep more families warm and help them rebuild?their?lives.??? https://lnkd.in/gApXQcaY hashtag#PCRF hashtag#Palestine hashtag#Gaza hashtag#GazaStrip hashtag#NGO hashtag#Humanitarianism hashtag#Charity hashtag#NonProfitOrganization hashtag#HumanitarianAid hashtag#Refugees hashtag#RefugeeCamp
Thousands of families in Gaza have lost their homes, facing the bitter cold with nowhere to turn. Due to the challenges in procuring materials, PCRF launched an initiative to provide disassemblable tents—safe, sturdy, and portable shelters— produced locally, to bring warmth and security to families in Yaffa Camp, Deir Al Balah, and Al-Dawa. This project was made possible through the partnership with Samaritan's Purse. A special thank you to the PCRF San Diego Chapter and San Diego community for sponsoring this project and playing a key role in making it happen. With your support, we can keep more families warm and help them rebuild?their?lives.??? https://lnkd.in/gApXQcaY hashtag#PCRF hashtag#Palestine hashtag#Gaza hashtag#GazaStrip hashtag#NGO hashtag#Humanitarianism hashtag#Charity hashtag#NonProfitOrganization hashtag#HumanitarianAid hashtag#Refugees hashtag#RefugeeCamp
https://www.dhirubhai.net/posts/palestine-children%27s-relief-fund_pcrf-palestine-gaza-activity-7297673026668531713-QZTf?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop&rcm=ACoAACgi0cEBqVSK2hMqVSQK9k8wYRakAsVM8nM
This is Karim and he suffers from cerebral palsy and malnutrition.
?He is an eight-year-old child.
His health is deteriorating day by day due to a lack of medication and medical resources.
Family contact: 00972594125115
https://www.dhirubhai.net/posts/stand-with-palestine_this-is-karim-and-he-suffers-from-cerebral-activity-7297449137539624960-1fmA?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop&rcm=ACoAACgi0cEBqVSK2hMqVSQK9k8wYRakAsVM8nM
The child Hanaa Al-Awawdi was unable to leave Gaza through the Rafah crossing two days ago due to a coordination issue, despite her critical health condition. She was diagnosed during the war with stage four brain cancer, which led to the loss of her sight and hearing. Her condition has worsened severely due to the delay in her travel for treatment. Her mother appeals to the Egyptian government and Arab countries to help facilitate her travel and save her life. To support the child Hanaa and her mother via the following link: https://lnkd.in/dquRDqH9 hashtag#Palestine.
Even with the ceasefire in effect, the crisis is not over. More than a million children in Gaza are bravely emerging from devastation, facing unimaginable challenges. The need for community, stability, and essential support has never been greater. PCRF continues to stand strong on the ground, prioritizing life-saving medical care, food, medical supplies, and mental health support for children and families struggling to survive. Our work isn’t just about immediate relief—it’s about long-term recovery. Today, our team is focused on rebuilding Gaza’s medical infrastructure and establishing new healthcare units and facilities where they are most needed. We are committed to ensuring that every child in Gaza receives the care they deserve and the chance to thrive in a healthy, peaceful environment, free from the horrors of war. These children need us all, and we will not rest until their future is secured. ?? https://lnkd.in/gX6Wg3eS hashtag#PCRF hashtag#Palestine hashtag#Gaza hashtag#GazaStrip hashtag#NGO hashtag#Humanitarianism hashtag#Charity hashtag#NonProfit hashtag#HumanitarianAid hashtag#UrgentAid hashtag#Famine hashtag#MedicalSupplies
https://www.dhirubhai.net/posts/islamic-relief-worldwide_morocco-savinglives-activity-7238501473976823809-wQcF?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop
https://www.dhirubhai.net/posts/palestine-children%27s-relief-fund_pcrf-palestine-gaza-activity-7234245248141443072-kcTs?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop
https://www.dhirubhai.net/posts/muslim-charities-forum_fadi-itani-charities-and-government-can-activity-7234172146657247233--Ucw?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop
https://www.dhirubhai.net/posts/islamic-relief-usa_gaza-activity-7231720571447713793-6_6I?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop
https://www.dhirubhai.net/company/muslim-charities-forum/posts/?feedView=all
Your Zakat is a Lifeline for Children Battling CancerOn
hashtag#InternationalChildhoodCancerDay, let your Zakat create a direct and lasting impact in the lives of children fighting cancer. Your contribution helps provide life-saving medical care and essential mental support to children at the West Bank-based PCRF Huda Al Masri Pediatric Cancer Department (??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????) and the Gaza-based Dr. Musa and Suhaila Nasir Gaza Pediatric Cancer Department.Donations to the PCRF Zakat Fund will ensure that no sick child has to fight their disease without access to the quality treatment they deserve.Be the hope they need. Donate?today.???
Everything You Need to Know About Zakat
?Is PCRF Eligible for Zakat Support?
Your Zakat-eligible contributions to the PCRF Zakat Fund ensures that your donation specifically supports the most in need, in accordance with the guidelines outlined in the Palestinian Dar Al Iftaa letter (below), providing them with essential food, shelter, and medical care.
PCRF serves vulnerable communities throughout Palestine and the Middle East, providing urgent and direct humanitarian aid, life-saving surgeries, medical care and rehabilitation, and support to those in need and most affected by the crisis.
Although PCRF is not a religious organization, it operates in a predominantly Muslim region, and Zakat donations are vital to its work.
What is Zakat?
Zakat is one of the Five Pillars of Islam and means "purification." It is a form of charitable giving, where Muslims contribute a portion of their wealth to support the poor and those in need. Zakat can be given year-round, but it holds particular significance during Ramadan, a month of fasting, prayer, and charity, often resulting in an increase in donations. Zakat helps deliver lifesaving support quickly, which resonates with Ramadan’s values of empathy, generosity, and unity, emphasizing on timely, impactful charity. ?
?How is Zakat Calculated?
Zakat is generally calculated at 2.5% of an individual’s or family’s accumulated wealth over the year, including savings and nonessential property. The purpose of this practice is to purify one’s wealth and redirect it to those less fortunate, fulfilling both a spiritual and social responsibility.
?Do Zakat Practices Vary by Country?
The practice of Zakat differs in various countries, with some governments collecting and distributing it. In other countries, Muslims have more flexibility and can choose how they wish to engage in Zakat themselves—like donating to their local mosque, a community organization, Muslim associations, and other charitable organisations.?
?Who Receives Zakat?
Zakat is distributed to the eight categories outlined in the Quran:?
?{???????? ???????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ? ????????? ????? ??????? ? ????????? ??????? ???????} (?????? 60)
?"Alms-tax is only for the poor and the needy, for those employed to administer it, for those whose hearts are attracted 'to the faith', for 'freeing' slaves, for those in debt, for Allah's cause, and for 'needy' travelers. This is an obligation from Allah. And Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise." [Al Touba 60]
?How to Give Zakat to PCRF??
?-?For Online Donations: through this?link.
-?For Domestic and International Wire Transfers:
Account Name: Palestine Children’s Relief Fund Account Number: 858000180156 Account Holder Address: 2600 W. OLIVE AVE., SUITE 543 Routing/Transit for ACH: 081904808 Routing/Transit for Wires: 026009593 SWIFT: BOFAUS3N
-?For Check donations (Please note "Zakat" in the memo field):
Account Holder Address: 2600 W. OLIVE AVE., SUITE 543
-?For donation inquiries: please contact [email protected]
Amidst the ongoing challenges and despite the ceasefire, the mental health impact on children and families remains profound. Many are grappling with trauma, anxiety, and loss, all compounded by the uncertainty of their circumstances. PCRF continues to provide vital mental health support to those affected, helping children and families cope with their emotional and psychological distress. We remain on the ground, fully committed to sustaining critical mental health services and ensuring that no child or family faces this crisis alone. Join us in our mission. ?? https://lnkd.in/gX6Wg3eS hashtag#PCRF hashtag#Palestine hashtag#Gaza hashtag#GazaStrip hashtag#NGO hashtag#Humanitarianism hashtag#NonProfit hashtag#MentalHealth hashtag#CrisisResponse hashtag#ChildWelfare hashtag#HumanitarianAid
Salam to all of our supporters! ???? To keep you updated after the ceasefire announcement, me and my injured brother ( Omar ) have succeeded to evacuate to Egypt on Friday 07/02/2025 in coordination with the WHO. Now, we are in North Sinai Governorate ( Al-Arish ) so it would be great to meet you! World Health Organization hashtag#InjuredGazans hashtag#FreePalestine
Hello ??,My name is Hisham Al-Belbeisi. I’m 26 years old, and I’m reaching out for your help. The war in Gaza has destroyed my home and taken the lives of my loved ones. My family and I are now living in a tent, struggling to survive with no food, water, or proper medical care.I dream of evacuating my family to safety and rebuilding our lives, but we need your support to make it happen. Your donation can provide us with the basics—food, shelter, and a chance to escape this nightmare.I am reaching out to you because I desperately need assistance to seek safety and medical .Given your background in supporting Gaza people and Palestinian cause, I believe you might understand the urgency and importance of my situation. Unfortunately, due to restrictions and my current circumstances, I am unable to promoting a GoFundMe campaign on my own.I am humbly asking if you could help me by donate a GoFundMe campaign to collect donations. This support will not only help me reach safety but also ensure that I can receive the medical treatment I desperately need. Your assistance could make a life-changing difference for me and my family.Thank you for considering my request. I look forward to your positive response.This is my story: https://youtu.be/-rRY6qEaYHo?si=SLiAt7nrCHAgxttPMy campaign is vetted by Djilali FEGHOULI in LinkedIn,his LinkedIn is :https://www.dhirubhai.net/in/djilali-feghouli-pmoYour support—whether through a donation and simply by sharing this post—can make a profound difference in our lives.donating link here: https://gofund.me/83f0f77b
Gaza City
Gaza,[b]?also called?Gaza City, is a city in the?Gaza Strip, Palestine and the capital of the?Gaza Governorate. Located on the Mediterranean coast, some 76.6 kilometres (47.6?mi) southwest of?Jerusalem, it is home to?Palestine's only port. With a population of 590,481 people as of 2017, Gaza was the most populous city in the State of Palestine prior to the?Gaza war, when it was subjected to massive displacement.
Geography
Central Gaza is situated on a low-lying and round hill with an elevation of 14 metres (46?ft)?above sea level.[91]?Much of the modern city is built along the plain below the hill, especially to the north and east, forming Gaza's suburbs. The beach and the port of Gaza are located 3 kilometres (1.9?mi) west of the city's nucleus and the space in between is entirely built up on low-lying hills.[64]
The municipal jurisdiction of the city today constitutes about 45 square kilometres (17?sq?mi).Gaza is 78 kilometres (48?mi) southwest of?Jerusalem, 71 kilometres (44?mi) south of?Tel Aviv,[92]?and 30 kilometres (19?mi) north of?Rafah.[93]?Surrounding localities include?Beit Lahia,?Beit Hanoun, and?Jabalia?to the north, and the village of?Abu Middein, the?refugee camp?of?Bureij, and the city of?Deir al-Balah?to the south.
Climate
Gaza has a?hot semi-arid climate?(K?ppen:?BSh), with Mediterranean characteristics, featuring mild rainy winters and dry hot summers.?Spring arrives around March or April and the hottest month is August, with the average high being 31.7?°C (89.1?°F). The coolest month is January with temperatures usually peaking at 18.3?°C (64.9?°F). Rain is scarce and falls almost exclusively between November and March, with annual rainfall totalling approximately 395 millimetres or 15.6 inches.
Universities
Gaza has many universities. The four main universities in the city are?al-Azhar University – Gaza,?al-Quds Open University,?al-Aqsa University?and the?Islamic University of Gaza. The Islamic University, consisting of ten facilities, was founded by a group of businessmen in 1978, making it the first University in Gaza. It had an enrollment of 20,639 students.[167]?Al-Azhar is generally secular and was founded in 1992. Al-Aqsa University was established in 1991. Al-Quds Open University established its Gaza Educational Region campus in 1992 in a rented building in the center of the city originally with 730 students. Because of the rapid increase of the number of students, it constructed the first university owned building in the?Nasser District. In 2006–07, it had an enrollment of 3,778 students.
Public library
The Public Library of Gaza is located off?Wehda Street?and has a collection of nearly 10,000 books in Arabic, English and French. A total area of about 1,410 square metres (15,200?sq?ft), the building consists of two floors and a basement. The library was opened in 1999 after cooperation dating from 1996 by Gaza under mayor Aoun Shawa, the municipality of?Dunkerque, and the?World Bank. The library's primary objectives are to provide sources of information that meets the needs of beneficiaries, provide necessary facilities for access to available information sources, and organizing various cultural programs such as, cultural events, seminars, lectures, film presentations, videos, art and book exhibitions.
Health care
Al-Shifa Hospital?("the Cure") was founded in the Rimal District by the British Mandate government in the 1940s. Housed in an army barracks, it originally provided quarantine and treatment for?febrile?diseases. When Egypt administered Gaza, this original department was relocated and al-Shifa became the city's central hospital.[186]?When Israel withdrew from the Gaza Strip after occupying it in the?1956 Suez Crisis, Egyptian president?Gamal Abdel Nasser?had al-Shifa hospital expanded and improved. He also ordered the establishment of a second hospital in the Nasser District with the same name. In 1957, the quarantine and febrile disease hospital was rebuilt and named?Nasser Hospital.[108]?Today, al-Shifa remains Gaza's largest medical complex.
Throughout the late 1950s, a new health administration, Bandar Gaza ("Gaza Region"), was established and headed by?Haidar Abdel-Shafi. Bandar Gaza rented several rooms throughout the city to set up government clinics that provided essential?curative care.
The Ahli Arab Hospital, founded in 1907 by the Church Missionary Society (CMS), was destroyed in World War I.
It was rebuilt after the war by the CMS, and in 1955 became the Southern Baptist Hospital.?In 1982, the Episcopal Diocese of Jerusalem took leadership and the original name was restored.[188]?Al-Quds Hospital, located in the?Tel al-Hawa?neighborhood and managed by the?Palestine Red Crescent Society, is the second largest hospital in Gaza.
In 2007, hospitals experienced power cuts lasting for 8–12 hours daily and diesel required for power generators was in short supply. According to the?World Health Organization?(WHO), the proportion of patients given permits to exit Gaza for medical care decreased from 89.3% in January 2007 to 64.3% in December 2007.
In 2010, a team of doctors from Al-Durrah Hospital in Gaza spent a year of training at the cystic fibrosis clinic at?Hadassah Medical Center?in?Jerusalem. Upon their return to Gaza, a cystic fibrosis center was established at Al-Durrah, although the most serious cases are referred to Hadassah.
Al-Rantisi Hospital?provides care for children.
1.??????? The?Gaza war[ Also referred to as the 'Israel–Gaza war', 'Israel–Hamas war', 'war on Gaza', the 'war of iron swords' (Hebrew:?????? ????? ????), the 'battle of al-Aqsa Flood' (Arabic:?????? ????? ??????), 'October 7 war,' and others. For more information, see?Names.]?has been fought between?Israel?and?Hamas-led?Palestinian?militant groups[ ?Including?Palestinian Islamic Jihad, the?Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine,?Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades, the?Palestinian Mujahideen Movement?and the?Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine.
1.??????? ]?in the?Gaza Strip?and Israel since 7 October 2023. The fifth war since 2008 in the?Gaza–Israel conflict, it is the most significant military engagement in the region since the?Yom Kippur War?in 1973,[ ?El Deeb, Sarah (9 October 2023).?"What is Hamas? The group that rules the Gaza Strip has fought several rounds of war with Israel".?AP News.?Archived?from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved?5 December?2023.
]?and sparked an ongoing?Middle Eastern crisis.
1.????? Since the start of the Israeli offensive, over 48,000 Palestinians in Gaza?have been reported as killed,[r]?over half of them?women?and?children.[ Graham-Harrison, Emma (17 September 2024).?"Gaza publishes identities of 34,344 Palestinians killed in war with Israel".?The Guardian.?ISSN?0261-3077. Retrieved?24 September?2024.][84 ?"Nearly 70% of verified Gaza war dead women and children, UN rights office says".?Reuters. 8 November 2024. Retrieved?8 November?2024.
1.????? ][]?The Lancet?has estimated more than 70,000 direct deaths due to traumatic injuries.[20]?More than 100,000 Palestinians have also been injured.[86 ?Khadder, Kareem; Haq, Sanna Noor (22 October 2024).?"More than 100,000 Palestinians have been injured in Gaza since last October, according to health ministry".?CNN.?Archived?from the original on 2 November 2024.
1.????? ]?Israel's tightened blockade?cut off basic necessities, causing a severe hunger crisis with?a high risk of famine?persisting as of November?2024.[87][88 ?"Israel: Starvation Used as Weapon of War in Gaza".?Human Rights Watch. 18 December 2023.?Archived?from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved?22 September?2024.
2.????? ^?Jump up to:a?b?"Untangling the reality of famine in Gaza".?Refugees International. 12 September 2024. Retrieved?24 November?2024.
1.????? ]?By early 2025, Israel had caused unprecedented destruction in Gaza and made large parts of it uninhabitable,[ ?"Amnesty International investigation concludes Israel is committing genocide against Palestinians in Gaza".?Amnesty International. 5 December 2024. Retrieved?5 December?2024.
1.????? ]?leveling entire cities[ Palumbo, Daniele; Abutaleb, Abdelrahman; Cusiac, Paul; Rivault, Erwan (30 January 2024).?"At least half of Gaza's buildings damaged or destroyed, new analysis shows".?BBC News.?Archived?from the original on 31 January 2024. Retrieved?1 February?2024.
]?and destroying the healthcare system,?agricultural land,[91]?religious and cultural landmarks,[ Ahmed, Kaamil (4 February 2024).?"'Everything beautiful has been destroyed': Palestinians mourn a city in tatters".?The Observer.?ISSN?0029-7712.?Archived?from the original on 8 October 2024. Retrieved?27 March?2024.
]?educational facilities,[ ?UN experts deeply concerned over 'scholasticide' in Gaza?Archived?18 April 2024 at the?Wayback Machine?United Nations?18 April 2024
1.??????? ] ?"How Israel has destroyed Gaza's schools and universities".?Al Jazeera. 24 January 2024.?Archived?from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved?26 April?2024.
1.??????? ]?and?cemeteries.[ Diamond, Jeremy (20 January 2024).?"At least 16 cemeteries in Gaza have been desecrated by Israeli forces, satellite imagery and videos reveal".?CNN. Retrieved?20 January?2024
1.????? The war continues to have significant regional and international repercussions.?Large protests?have taken place across the world calling for a ceasefire. There has been a?surge of antisemitism?and?anti-Palestinianism. Various experts and human rights organizations have stated that Israel and Hamas?have committed war crimes?and said that the events in Gaza?were genocide.[100
o??? Dumper, Michael; Badran, Amneh (2024). "Introduction". In Dumper, Michael; Badran, Amneh (eds.).?Routledge Handbook on Palestine?(1st?ed.).?Routledge.?doi:10.4324/9781003031994.?ISBN?9781003031994.?In this context we should not overlook the latest turning point in the history of Palestine – the attack by Hamas on 7th October 2023 on Israeli settlements adjacent to Gaza and the subsequent genocidal war that the state of Israel has carried out in the Gaza strip
o??? Speri, Alice (20 December 2024).?"Defining genocide: how a rift over Gaza sparked a crisis among scholars".?Guardian. Retrieved?23 December?2024.
o??? Narea, Nicole (25 October 2024).?"Is Israel committing genocide? Reexamining the question, a year later".?Vox.?Archived?from the original on 27 October 2024. Retrieved?28 October?2024.
o??? Albanese, Francesca?(25 March 2024).?Anatomy of a Genocide: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Francesca Albanese?(PDF)?(Report).?United Nations Special Rapporteur on the occupied Palestinian territories. p.?1.?By analysing the patterns of violence and Israeli policies in its onslaught on Gaza, the present report concludes that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the threshold indicating that Israel has committed genocide has been met
o??? Amnesty International?(2024).?'You Feel Like You Are Subhuman': Israel's Genocide Against Palestinians In Gaza?(PDF)?(Report). p.?13.?Archived?(PDF)?from the original on 5 December 2024.?This report focuses on the Israeli authorities' policies and actions in Gaza as part of the military offensive they launched in the wake of the Hamas-led attacks on 7 October 2023 while situating them within the broader context of Israel's unlawful occupation, and system of apartheid against Palestinians in Gaza, the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and Israel. It assesses allegations of violations and crimes under international law by Israel in Gaza within the framework of genocide under international law, concluding that there is sufficient evidence to believe that Israel's conduct in Gaza following 7 October 2023 amounts to genocide.
o??? Traverso, Enzo?(2024).?Gaza Faces History. Other Press. p.?8.?ISBN?978-1-63542-555-0.?The only normative definition we have, codified at the United Nations Genocide Convention of 1948, accurately describes the current situation in Palestine ... describes exactly what is happening in Gaza today
1.????? ]?A case?accusing Israel of committing genocide is being reviewed by the?International Court of Justice, while the?International Criminal Court?has?issued?arrest warrants?for Israeli and Hamas leaders.[101 ?"ICJ orders Israel to halt its offensive on Rafah, Gaza in new ruling".?Al Jazeera. 24 May 2024.?Archived?from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved?24 May?2024.
1.????? ]?Israel assassinated Hamas leaders inside and outside Gaza. Israel?received extensive military and diplomatic support from the United States, which has?vetoed?multiple pro-ceasefire resolutions from the?UN Security Council.[102 ?"Germany, a Loyal Israel Ally, Begins to Shift Tone as Gaza Toll Mounts".?The New York Times. 29 March 2024.?Archived?from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved?29 March?2024.
]The war has reverberated regionally, with?Axis of Resistance?groups across several Arab countries and Iran clashing with Israel and the United States. By late 2024,?a year of strikes?between Israel and Hezbollah led to a brief?Israeli invasion of Lebanon.
1.??????? Since 2007, the?Gaza Strip?has been governed by?Hamas, an Islamist militant group, while the?West Bank?remained under the control of the?Fatah-led?Palestinian Authority. After Hamas' takeover, Israel imposed a?blockade of the Gaza Strip,[122 Perry, Tom; McDowall, Angus (7 October 2023). Harvey, Jan (ed.).?"Timeline of conflict between Israel and Palestinians in Gaza".?Reuters.?Archived?from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved?7 October?2023.][123 Kane, Alex; Cohen, Mari; Shamir, Jonathan; Scher, Isaac (10 October 2023).?"The Hamas Attacks and Israeli Response: An Explainer".?Jewish Currents.?Archived?from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved?15 October?2023.?that significantly damaged?its economy.[124 ?'Gaza Strip: Interim Damage Assessment,'?Archived?1 May 2024 at the?Wayback Machine?World Bank/European Union/United Nations?29 March 2024.p.
1.????? ]?The blockade was justified by Israel citing security concerns,[125 Meakem, Allison (10 October 2023).?"The Geopolitics of Palestine, Explained".?Foreign Policy.?Archived?from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved?16 October?2023.
1.????? ]Since 2007, Israel and Hamas, along with other Palestinian militant groups based in Gaza, have engaged in conflict,[125][123? Kane, Alex; Cohen, Mari; Shamir, Jonathan; Scher, Isaac (10 October 2023).?"The Hamas Attacks and Israeli Response: An Explainer".?Jewish Currents.?Archived?from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved?15 October?2023.
3.??????? Meakem, Allison (10 October 2023).?"The Geopolitics of Palestine, Explained".?Foreign Policy.?Archived?from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved?16 October?2023.
1.????? ][ Beauchamp, Zack (7 October 2023).?"Why did Hamas invade Israel?".?Vox.?Archived?from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved?6 November?20
1.??????? ]?including in four wars: in?2008–2009,?2012,?2014, and?2021.[131 ?"These six charts show the scale of human loss in the Israel–Gaza war".?ABC News.?Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 19 November 2023.?Archived?from the original on 2 February 2024. Retrieved?2 February?2024.
1.????? ][Tan, Joanna (12 November 2023).?"Charts show a stark difference in the human cost of Israeli-Palestinian conflicts over the years".?CNBC.?Archived?from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved?7 March?2024
1.??????? ]?These conflicts killed approximately?6,400 Palestinians?and?300 Israelis.?In 2018–2019, there were large?weekly organized protests near the Gaza-Israel border, which were violently suppressed by Israel, whose forces killed hundreds and injured thousands of Palestinians by sniper fire.[?"Two Years On: People Injured and Traumatized During the "Great March of Return" are Still Struggling".?un.org.?United Nations. 6 April 2020.?Archived?from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved?5 March?2024.
1.??????? ][ Fayyad, Huthifa (30 March 2019).?"Gaza's Great March of Return protests explained".?Al Jazeera.?Archived?from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved?5 March?2024]?
1.????? The?1948 Palestine war?saw the establishment of?Israel?over most of what had been?Mandatory Palestine, with the exception of two separated territories that became known as the?West Bank?and the?Gaza Strip, which were held by?Jordan?and?Egypt?respectively. Following the 1967?Six-Day War, Israel occupied the?Palestinian territories?of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.[74 El Deeb, Sarah (9 October 2023).?"What is Hamas? The group that rules the Gaza Strip has fought several rounds of war with Israel".?AP News.?Archived?from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved?5 December?202
1.????? ]?The upcoming period witnessed two popular uprisings by?Palestinians?against the?Israeli occupation; the?First?and?Second Intifadas?in 1987 and 2000 respectively,[119 ?"Intifada".?Encyclopedia Britannica. 23 October 2023.?Archived?from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved?16 November?2023.
1.??????? ]?with the latter's end seeing?Israel's unilateral withdrawal from Gaza?in 2005.[ ?"Frequently asked questions on ICRC's work in Israel and the occupied territories".?International Committee of the Red Cross. 13 October 2023.?Archived?from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved?30 October?2023.
1.??????? ][ ?"Gaza Strip explained: Who controls it and what to know".?NBC News. 9 October 2023.?Archived?from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved?30 October?2023.
]An?advisory opinion?by the?International Court of Justice?published in July 2024?affirmed the occupation as being illegal?and said it violated Article 3 of the?International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, which prohibits racial segregation and apartheid.[150 Siddique, Haroon (19 July 2024).?"UN court orders Israel to end its occupation of Palestinian territories".?The Guardian.?ISSN?0261-3077.?Archived?from the original on 22 July 2024. Retrieved?25 September?2024.
War crimes
1.??????? A?UN Commission to the Israel–Palestine conflict?stated that there is "clear evidence that war crimes may have been committed in the latest explosion of violence in Israel and Gaza, and all those who have violated international law and targeted civilians must be held accountable."?Farge, Emma (10 October 2023).?"UN rights chief condemns Israeli 'siege' of Gaza, militants' taking of hostages".?Reuters.?Archived?from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved?12 October?2023.
2.??????? ^?Commission of Inquiry collecting evidence of war crimes committed by all sides in Israel and Occupied Palestinian Territories since 7 October 2023.?UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. 10 October 2023.?Archived?from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved?12 October?2023.
3.??????? ^?"How international law applies to war, and why Hamas and Israel are both alleged to have broken it".?Associated Press. 17 October 2023.?Archived?from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved?21 October?2023.
On 27 October, a spokesperson for the?Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights?(OHCHR) called for an independent court to review potential war crimes committed by both sides.[ "War crimes by both sides in Israel–Gaza war".?Al Jazeera. 27 October 2023.?Archived?from the original on 24 May 2024. Retrieved?27 October?2023.]
1.??????? On 5 December 2024,?Amnesty International?published a report concluding that Israel was committing genocide against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip.[89] ?"Amnesty International investigation concludes Israel is committing genocide against Palestinians in Gaza".?Amnesty International. 5 December 2024. Retrieved?5 December?2024.
1.??????? ??"Israel's war in Gaza amounts to genocide, Amnesty International report finds".?The Guardian. 5 December 2024. Retrieved?5 December?2024.]
On 19 December 2024,?Human Rights Watch?published a 179-page report concluding that Israel is responsible for the crime of genocide by intentionally depriving Palestinians in Gaza of access to safe water for drinking and sanitation needed for basic human survival.[ "Israel's Crime of Extermination, Acts of Genocide in Gaza".?Human Rights Watch. 19 December 2024. Retrieved?22 December?2024.]
Diplomatic impact
1.??????? The war sparked a?diplomatic crisis, with countries around the world reacting strongly to the conflict that affected the momentum of regional relations.[?"How the Israel–Hamas War Impacts Regional Relations".?United States Institute of Peace. 23 October 2023.
1.??????? ]?At least nine countries withdrew their ambassadors or cut diplomatic ties with Israel.] "The Diplomatic Off-Ramp After Israel's Invasion of Gaza".?Time. 31 October 2023.
2.??????? ^?"South Africa recalls diplomats from Israel over Gaza war".?Al Jazeera. 7 November 2023. Retrieved?25 November?2023.
1.??????? ]?The war has also resulted in a renewed focus on a two-state solution to the broader conflict. ??"US shifts focus on Gaza to what follows an end to the war".?Financial Times.
2.??????? ^?"EU pushes for Palestinian statehood, rejecting Israeli leader's insistence it's off the table".?AP News. 22 January 2024.
]?Global public opinion of Israel dropped during the war; a Morning Consult poll published in January 2024 indicated that the United States was the only remaining wealthy country in which Israel had net positive approval.[585 Gordon, Anna (17 January 2024).?"New Polling Shows How Much Global Support Israel Has Lost".?Time. Retrieved?27 May?2024.]
1.??????? Negotiations have focused on the possibility of a?ceasefire, with?United States,?Egypt?and?Qatar?serving as negotiation mediators between Israel and Hamas. ??"Israel skips key ceasefire meeting with Hamas over unanswered hostage questions, official says".?CBC.?Associated Press. 3 March 2024. Retrieved?7 March?2024.
2.??????? ^?"Qatar re-evaluates key mediator role in Middle East conflict on concerns of 'political exploitation'".?CNBC. 18 April 2024. Retrieved?28 April?2024.
1.??????? ]?The?United Nations Security Council?passed?resolution 2728?in March 2024, demanding an immediate ceasefire and the unconditional release of hostages for the month of?Ramadan.[ "UN Security Council adopts resolution demanding immediate Gaza ceasefire".?Al Jazeera. 25 March 2024.?Archived?from the original on 16 August 2024. Retrieved?25 March?2024.]["Security Council passes resolution demanding 'an immediate ceasefire' during Ramadan".?news.un.org. United Nations. 25 March 2024.?Archived?from the original on 8 July 2024. Retrieved?25 March?2024.
?The United Nations Security Council passed?resolution 2735?in June 2024, demanding acceptance of the three-phase ceasefire proposal.[ Marsi, Federica; Siddiqui, Usaid (27 March 2024).?"Gaza ceasefire hopes 'drowned out' by Israel's non-stop bombing".?Al Jazeera.?Archived?from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved?24 August?2024.]
1.??????? Following talks mediated by?China, on 23 July 2024, Palestinian groups including Hamas and Fatah reached an agreement to end their divisions and form a unity government for Gaza, which they announced in the?Beijing Declaration.[ ?Chen, Laurie; Al-Mulgrabi, Nidal (23 July 2024).?"Palestinian Factions Agree to Form Unity Government after Talks in China".?Reuters. Retrieved?23 July?2024.]
1.??????? At the UNGA, Saudi Arabia announced a global alliance to push for a two-state solution. Norwegian Foreign Minister Espen Barth Eide said almost 90 countries were at the launch of?The Global Alliance for the Implementation of a Palestinian State and a Two-State Solution. ??"Europeans, Arab and Muslim nations launch a new initiative for an independent Palestinian state".?AP News. 28 September 2024.
2.??????? ^?Tanios, Clauda (27 September 2024).?"Saudi Arabia forms global alliance to push for Israeli-Palestinian two-state solution".?Reuters.
3.??????? ^?"Saudi Arabia launches coalition to push for Palestinian state".?The New Arab. 27 September 2024.
1.??????? ]?On 29 September, Saudi Arabia said they would send aid to the Palestinian Authority, $60?million in six installments according to a senior PA official. The aid is seen as means of keeping the PA solvent and keeping the push for a two state solution alive notwithstanding Israeli financial restrictions.[Rasgon, Adam; Boxerman, Aaron (30 September 2024).?"Saudi Arabia Pledges to Send Financial Aid to Palestine".?The New York Times.
Humanitarian crisis
1.????? The?Gaza Strip?is experiencing a?humanitarian crisis?as a result of the war,[520 Ioanes, Ellen (14 October 2023).?"Gaza's spiraling humanitarian crisis, explained".?Vox.?Archived?from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved?16 October?2023.
1.????? ][521 Marsi, Federica (14 October 2023).?"Gaza doctors warn of a humanitarian catastrophe after Israeli attacks".?Al Jazeera.?Archived?from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved?25 October?2023.
1.????? ]?including a hunger crisis, in which famine-like conditions occurred in some areas of the strip and a high risk of?famine?persists as of October 2024,[522 ?"GAZA STRIP: IPC Acute Food Insecurity and Acute Malnutrition Special Snapshot"?(PDF).?IPC. 14 October 2024. Retrieved?24 November?2024.
1.????? ]?"Untangling the reality of famine in Gaza".?Refugees International. 12 September 2024. Retrieved?24 November?2024.
1.????? ]?as well as a?healthcare collapse. At the start of the war, Israel tightened its?blockade on the strip, resulting in significant shortages of fuel, food, medication, water, and essential medical supplies.[520] Ioanes, Ellen (14 October 2023).?"Gaza's spiraling humanitarian crisis, explained".?Vox.?Archived?from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved?16 October?2023.
1.????? ?[ Gottbrath, Laurin-Whitney (14 October 2023).?"Gaza "fast becoming hell hole" on "brink of collapse" amid Israel strikes: UN".?Axios.?Archived?from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved?16 October?2023.][524 Balmer, Crispian (21 November 2023). Elgood, Giles; Jones, Gareth (eds.).?"Gaza war inflicts catastrophic damage on infrastructure and economy".?Reuters.?Archived?from the original on 30 November 2023.
1.????? ]?This siege resulted in a 90% drop in electricity availability, impacting hospital power supplies, sewage plants, and shutting down the desalination plants that provide drinking water.[525 ?Mellen, Ruby; Chen, Szu Yu (26 October 2023).?"See how Israel's siege has plunged Gaza into darkness and isolation".?The Washington Post.?Archived?from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved?27 October?2023.
1.????? ]?In July 2024, available water worked out to 4.74 litres per person per day, just under a third of the recommended minimum in emergencies.[526 Stockwell, Billy; Haq, Sana Noor (23 August 2024).?"Children are drinking from puddles and wading through sewage pools, as Israel pummels water systems in Gaza".?CNN. Retrieved?10 November?2024.
1.????? ]?Doctors warned of disease outbreaks spreading due to overcrowded hospitals.[521 ?Marsi, Federica (14 October 2023).?"Gaza doctors warn of a humanitarian catastrophe after Israeli attacks".?Al Jazeera.?Archived?from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved?25 October?2023.
1.????? ]?A?polio epidemic?was the target of mostly-successful vaccination campaigns.[527 ?"Second round of polio campaign in Gaza completed amid ongoing conflict and attacks: UNICEF and WHO".?World Health Organization. 6 November 2024. Retrieved?10 November?2024.
1.????? Heavy bombardment by Israeli airstrikes caused catastrophic damage to Gaza's infrastructure, further deepening the crisis. Direct attacks on telecommunications infrastructure by Israel, electricity blockades, and fuel shortages caused the near-total collapse of Gaza's largest cell network providers.[528][529][530 Espa?ol, Marc (29 January 2024).?"The Egyptians who have sent more than 130,000 digital cell phone cards to Gaza to defy blackouts".?El País?English. Retrieved?20 March?2024.
2.????? ^?Aly, Rasha (17 December 2023).?"Palestinians in Gaza using eSim cards to get around communications blackout".?The Guardian.?ISSN?0261-3077. Retrieved?19 March?2024.
3.????? ^?Vo, Lam Thuy (7 November 2023).?"'Let Me Tell Them Goodbye Before They Get Killed': How eSIM Cards Are Connecting Palestinian Families".?The Markup. Retrieved?19 March?2024.
4.????? ^?Tucker, Emma; Elassar, Alaa (3 December 2023).?"When Gaza lost phone and internet under Israeli attack, this activist found a way to get Palestinians back online".?CNN. Retrieved?9 May?2024.
1.????? ]?Lack of internet access has obstructed Gazan citizens from communicating with loved ones, learning of IDF operations, and identifying both the areas most exposed to bombing and possible escape routes.?The blackouts impeded emergency services, making it harder to locate and access the time-critical injured and have impeded humanitarian aid agencies and journalists.?By December 2023, 200,000 Gazans (approximately 10% of the population) had received internet access through an eSIM provided by?Connecting Humanity.[ Tucker, Emma; Elassar, Alaa (3 December 2023).?"When Gaza lost phone and internet under Israeli attack, this activist found a way to get Palestinians back online".?CNN. Retrieved?9 May?2024.
1.????? The?Gaza Health Ministry?reported over 4,000 children killed in the war's first month.[532?Al-Mughrabi, Nidal (6 November 2023).?"Gaza death toll tops 10,000; UN calls it a children's graveyard".?Reuters.?Archived?from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved?8 November?2023.
1.????? ]?UN Secretary-General?António Guterres?stated that Gaza had "become a graveyard for children."[w][535Nichols, Michelle (6 November 2023).?"UN chief says Gaza becoming a 'graveyard for children'".?Reuters.?Archived?from the original on 11 November 2023. Retrieved?6 November?2023.
1.??????? ]Abdulrahim, Raja (18 November 2023).?"The War Turns Gaza Into a 'Graveyard' for Children".?The New York Times. Retrieved?19 November?2023.
1.??????? ]?Indirect Palestinian deaths are expected to be much higher due to the intensity of the conflict, destruction of healthcare infrastructure, lack of food, water, shelter, and safe places for civilians to flee to, and reduction in?UNRWA?funding, with a?Lancet?study stating that the death toll in Gaza, including future deaths indirectly caused by the war, may exceed 186,000.Gaffney, Adam (30 May 2024).?"Don't Believe the Conspiracies About the Gaza Death Toll".?The Nation.?ISSN?0027-8378. Retrieved?9 October?2024.
1.??????? ]Nashed, Mat (19 July 2024).?"How Israeli settlements are taking over the West Bank as Gaza war rages".?Al Jazeera.
Scale of destruction
1.??????? The scale and pace of?destruction and damage of buildings in the Gaza Strip?ranks among the severest in modern history,["Israel has waged one of this century's most destructive wars in Gaza".?The Washington Post. 23 December 2023.?Archived?from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved?31 December?2023.
1.??????? ][Wintour, Patrick?(7 December 2023).?"Widespread destruction in Gaza puts concept of 'domicide' in focus".?The Guardian.?ISSN?0261-3077. Retrieved?31 December?2023.
1.??????? ]"Military briefing: Israel's devastating bombing campaign in Gaza".?Financial Times. Retrieved?31 December?2023.
1.??????? ]?surpassing the bombing of?Dresden,?Hamburg, and?London?combined during?World War II,[
o??? "200 days of military attack on Gaza: A horrific death toll amid intl. failure to stop Israel's genocide of Palestinians".?Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor. 24 April 2024. Retrieved?15 June?2024.
o??? Pape, Robert A. (21 June 2024).?"Hamas Is Winning".?Foreign Affairs.?ISSN?0015-7120. Retrieved?21 June?2024.
1.??????? ]Dyer, Evan (30 December 2023).?"Israel's Gaza bombing campaign is the most destructive of this century, analysts say".?Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.?Archived?from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved?31 December?2023.
1.??????? ]?Malsin, Jared; Shah, Saeed (30 December 2023).?"The Ruined Landscape of Gaza After Nearly Three Months of Bombing".?The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved?31 December?2023][x]?and included apartment buildings, hospitals, schools, religious sites, factories, shopping centres, and municipal infrastructure.[543]?As of January 2024, researchers at?Oregon State University?and the?City University of New York?estimated that 50–62% of buildings in the Gaza Strip had been damaged or destroyed. ?"Israeli Troops Return to Gaza City".?The Wall Street Journal. 8 July 2024.
2.??????? ^?de Hoog, Niels; Voce, Antonio; Morresi, Elena; Ganguly, Manisha; Kirk, Ashley (30 January 2024).?"How war destroyed Gaza's neighbourhoods – visual investigation".?The Guardian.?Archived?from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved?19 February?2024.
1.??????? ?The damage to buildings in northern Gaza reportedly exceeds that in Bakhmut and Mariupol in the?Russian invasion of Ukraine,[542] Dyer, Evan (30 December 2023).?"Israel's Gaza bombing campaign is the most destructive of this century, analysts say".?Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.?Archived?from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved?31 December?2023.
2.??????? ^?Jump up to:a?b
1.??????? ?Aleppo in the?Battle of Aleppo,?and Mosul and Raqqa in the?War ??against the Islamic State.[538?"Israel has waged one of this century's most destructive wars in Gaza".?The Washington Post. 23 December 2023.?Archived?from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved?31 December?2023.
1.??????? ]?The 29,000 munitions Israel had dropped on Gaza in three months exceeded the amount (3,678) dropped by the US between 2004 and 2010 after its?invasion of Iraq.[549?Kristof, Nicholas?(13 January 2024).?"The Things We Disagree On About Gaza".?The New York Times.
1.??????? ]?According to satellite analyses, 68% of roads, 70% of greenhouses, and nearly 70% of tree crops have been damaged or destroyed.[550Wood, Daniel (10 October 2024).?"These maps and images show what's left of Gaza, 1 year into the Israel–Hamas war".?NPR. Retrieved?12 November?2024.
1.??????? ]?After a year, the UN estimates that a total of 42m tonnes of rubble clutter the Strip, to clear and rebuild which might take 80 years and cost over $80bn.[?Lucy Swan, Tural Ahmedzade, Harvey Symons,?How a year of war laid waste the Gaza Strip – visualised?The Guardian?10 October 2024.
1.??????? The Guardian?reported that the scale of destruction has led international legal experts to raise the concept of?domicide, which it describes as "the mass destruction of dwellings to make [a?See?List of military aid to Israel during the Gaza war?for more details
2.??????? ^
1.??????? ] territory uninhabitable".[?Wintour, Patrick?(7 December 2023).?"Widespread destruction in Gaza puts concept of 'domicide' in focus".?The Guardian.?ISSN?0261-3077. Retrieved?31 December?2023.
1.????? ]?In October 2024, after monitoring and analyzing Israel's war conduct in Gaza for more than a year,?Forensic Architecture?published a cartographic map platform detailing Israel's campaign in Gaza titled "A Cartography of Genocide", accompanied by an 827-page text report that concludes that "Israel's military campaign in Gaza is organised, systematic, and intended to destroy conditions of life and life-sustaining infrastructure".[552 ?"A Cartography of Genocide: Israel's Conduct in Gaza Since October 2023".?Forensic Architecture. 7 October 2024.?Archived?from the original on 28 October 2024. Retrieved?27 October?2024.
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