The Women's rights.

1 - The right of the life

Article 2: Right to life

1 - Everyone’s right to life shall be protected by law. No one shall be deprived of his life intentionally save in the execution of a sentence of a court following his conviction of a crime for which the penalty is provided by law.

2. Deprivation of life shall not be regarded as inflicted in contravention of this Article when it results from the use of force which is no more than absolutely necessary:

in defence of any person from unlawful violence in order to effect a lawful arrest or to prevent the escape of a person lawfully detained, and

in action lawfully taken for the purpose of quelling a riot or insurrection.

The right to life is a fundamental human right, central to the enjoyment of all other human rights. International human rights law recognizes this basic right begins at birth, and international and regional human rights bodies, as well as courts worldwide, have clearly established that any prenatal protections must be consistent with women’s human rights.

An emerging trend to extend a right to life before birth, and in particular from conception, poses a significant threat to women’s human rights, in theory and in practice. These efforts, often rooted in ideological and religious motivations, are part of a deliberate attempt to deny women the full range of reproductive health services that are essential to safeguarding women’s fundamental rights to life, health, dignity, equality, and autonomy, among others. These attempts to grant a right to life before birth—and therefore recognize prenatal legal personhood—seek to bestow rights on a zygote, embryo, or fetus that would be equal or superior to the rights of women.

In many cases

these measures aim to outlaw any procedure that terminates a pregnancy. In other cases, these attempts have sought to justify restrictions on access to in vitro fertilization and contraception. Across the board, these strategies attempt to deny women the ability to make autonomous decisions regarding their fertility with complete disregard for women’s basic human rights.

There are a number of steps that States can and should take to promote a legitimate interest in prenatal life while respecting women’s fundamental rights.

This updated toolkit, which includes recent court decisions and interpretive guidance from human rights bodies, analyzes how States can meet their international human rights obligations as they seek to protect the value of prenatal life. The toolkit sets forth international and comparative legal standards for interpreting right to life protections. It also identifies how relevant human rights, public health, and scientific evidence supports legal protections to guarantee women’s rights as a crucial step in protecting the right to life and ensuring the health and well-being of women and their children.

2 - Women's right to food security

Women are responsible for half of the world’s food production, and in most developing countries they produce between 60 and 80 percent of the food. Yet, women continue to be regarded as home producers or assistants on the farm, and not as farmers and economic agents on their own merit.

Women receive a small fraction of assistance for agricultural investments; women in Africa receive less than 10 percent of small farm credit and 1 percent of total credit to the agricultural sector.

Empowering women farmers is

vital to lifting rural communities out of poverty, especially as many developing nations

face economic crisis, food insecurity, HIV/AIDS, environmental degradation and increasing urbanization. Agricultural productivity and income gains are necessary but not sufficient to eliminate hunger and malnutrition. Women are responsible for nutrition in most homes, including the purchase and preparation of food. However, because of traditional norms, they often have limited access to education and control over resources. When given the opportunity to manage household finances, studies show that women are more likely than men to spend on their family’s nutritional needs, healthcare, and school fees for children. Therefore, empowering women to increase access to and control over resources is critical to attaining food security in the developing world.

3 - The right to water, sanitation and hygiene

Menstrual hygiene is still considered a taboo topic in many places throughout the world leaving many women without safe, accessible and hygienic spaces for washing and sanitation. Across the world, it is estimated that 2.5 billion people lack access to improved sanitation, and many of them are women.

The consequences of discrimination against women and their inadequate access to water and sanitation can be grave. Menstruating girls may not able to attend school because of associated stigma and/or inadequate sanitation and hygiene at home and in schools.

According to Jyoti Sanghera, Chief of the UN Human Rights Office Economic and Social Issues Section, this “stigma around menstruation and menstrual hygiene is a violation of several human rights; most importantly, the right to human dignity” that must be overcome.

Mousomi Mohanti

a health educator in the field of HIV, is working in West Bengal, India, to support the social marketing of condoms and sanitary napkins to sex workers. “It’s not the price of condoms or sanitary napkins,” she says. “The biggest problem is for women to ask for it.” According to WSSCC, only 12 per cent of India’s 355 million menstruating women use sanitary napkins.

In Kolda, Senegal, Khalidou Sy has been working as a village coordinator to eliminate the practice of female genital mutilation, as well as addressing fistula and women’s hygiene. “You can’t change century old practices overnight,” says Sy. “You need to bring men and women together to start the process of social transformation and change.”

In Nepal, Shyra Karki, a Human Rights Officer for Mitini Nepal, advocates for the rights of the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender (LGBT) community.

“Women are treated as second class citizens [in Nepal] and among these women, lesbian and transgender women are considered even lower,” says Karki. According to Karki, this treatment can make them vulnerable to health challenges and feel excluded from accessing sanitary facilities or materials, especially transgender women dressed as men who may feel embarrassed purchasing sanitary napkins or seeking medical attention.

“In a world where 2.5 billion persons lack adequate sanitation, where menstruation is often stigmatized, and women face multiple forms of discrimination, the failure to take immediate action to guarantee their right to water, sanitation and hygiene poses dire consequences,” says Craig Mokhiber, Chief of the UN Human Rights Office Development and Economic and Social Issues Branch. “It demands the attention, not just of the human rights community, but of health professionals, governments, activists, economists and broader society.”

According to Mokhiber, guaranteeing the right to water, sanitation, and hygiene is “an enormous human rights challenge of the twenty first century that has yet to be met.”

4 - Women's right to the adequate housing

The right to adequate housing is a central component of women’s right to equality under international human rights law. While international and national laws increasingly recognize women’s right to adequate housing, considerable gaps still exist between such recognition and the reality of large-scale denial of this right. As a result of discrimination and inequality in housing, many women and girls live in insecure, undignified and unsafe conditions, at increased risk of homelessness and violence. Forced evictions and other violations of the right to housing, disproportionally impact women and reinforce existing inequalities, representing a significant barrier to gender equality. Examples of gender-based inequality and discrimination include:

Unequal property rights and security of tenure

often linking tenure to relationship or familial status, in particular in the event of dissolution of marriage, death of a spouse and during inheritance

Discriminatory and unequal access to economic opportunity and financing for home ownership or rental

Exclusion from participatory and decision-making processes in relation to housing and urban planning, contributing to housing conditions inadequately addressing the needs of women and girls

Increased vulnerability of women and girls to acts of domestic violence and sexual abuse in particular when alternative safe housing is not available or when living in homelessness

Lack of access to safe water, sanitary or other facilities providing privacy, including for menstrual health and hygiene

Lack of monitoring of more ‘hidden’ forms of female homelessness

Gender discrimination is compounded by other forms of discrimination. For example, women with disabilities are more susceptible to violence in the home and less likely to have access to shelters or alternative accommodation. Realizing the right to adequate housing for all women requires taking into account all layers of discrimination, and taking concrete steps to address them

5 - The woman right of security

PROMOTING WOMEN, PEACE AND SECURITY

We work to ensure women’s priorities are central to peace and security decisions at all levels. To achieve this goal, we address social, cultural and political barriers and protection risks that limit women’s full participation in achieving and sustaining peace.

It is well known that violent conflict disproportionately affects women and girls and intensifies pre-existing gender inequalities and discrimination. Women are also active agents of peace in armed conflict, yet their role as key players and change agents of peace has been largely unrecognized. Acknowledging and integrating the different understanding, experiences and capabilities of women into all aspects of UN peace operations is essential for the success of UN peacekeeping efforts and sustaining peace.

UN Peacekeeping operations are mandated by the Security Council to implement the Security Council Resolutions on Women, Peace and Security across all peace functions. Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000) was the first resolution that recognized the disproportionate and unique impact of armed conflict on women and girls, acknowledged the contributions women and girls make to conflict prevention, peacekeeping, conflict resolution and peacebuilding and highlighted the importance of their equal and full participation, as active agents in peace and security. The nine subsequent resolutions on Women, Peace and Security (1820, 1888, 1889, 1960, 2106, 2122, 2242, 2467, 2493) have since been adopted, stressing the importance of women’s leadership and meaningful participation in the prevention and resolution of conflicts; addressing the impact of sexual violence; promoting the development and use of measures and standards for monitoring the implementation of women, peace and security mandates; training and capacity building on gender equality and women, peace and security for peacekeeping personnel; engaging with civil society more comprehensively and enabling an improved understanding of gender dynamics of conflict. The implementation of Women Peace and Security (WPS) priorities is a political commitment in the Secretary General’s Action for Peacekeeping (A4P) initiative reaffirms that women’s full, equal and meaningful participation in peace processes and political solutions is essential for effective peacekeeping.

6 - The right of Education

Girls' education: Gender equality in education benefits every child.

Investing in girls’ education transforms communities, countries and the entire world

Girls who receive an education are less likely to marry young and more likely to lead healthy, productive lives. They earn higher incomes, participate in the decisions that most affect them, and build better futures for themselves and their families. Girls’ education strengthens economies and reduces inequality. It contributes to more stable, resilient societies that give all individuals – including boys and men – the opportunity to fulfil their potential. but education for girls is about more than access to school. It’s also about girls feeling safe in classrooms and supported in the subjects and careers they choose to pursue – including those in which they are often under-represented.

When we invest in girls’ secondary education

The lifetime earnings of girls dramatically increase

National growth rates rise

Child marriage rates decline

Child mortality rates fall

Maternal mortality rates fall

Child stunting drops

Why are girls out of school?

Despite evidence demonstrating how central girls’ education is to development, gender disparities in education persist.

Around the world, 129 million girls are out of school

including 32 million of primary school age, 30 million of lower-secondary school age, and 67 million of upper-secondary school age. In countries affected by conflict, girls are more than twice as likely to be out of school than girls living in non-affected countries.

Only 49 per cent of countries have achieved gender parity in primary education. At the secondary level, the gap widens: 42 per cent of countries have achieved gender parity in lower secondary education, and 24 per cent in upper secondary education.

The reasons are many

Barriers to girls’ education – like

poverty

child marriage

gender-based violence

vary among countries and communities. Poor families often favour boys when investing in education.In some places, schools do not meet the safety, hygiene or sanitation needs of girls. In others, teaching practices are not gender-responsive and result in gender gaps in learning and skills development.

Gender equality in education

Gender-equitable education systems empower girls and boys and promote the development of life skills – like self-management, communication, negotiation and critical thinking – that young people need to succeed. They close skills gaps that perpetuate pay gaps, and build prosperity for entire countries. gender-equitable education systems can contribute to reductions in school-related gender-based violence and harmful practices, including child marriage and female genital mutilation.

Gender-equitable education systems

help keep both girls and boys in school, building prosperity for entire countries.

7 - The right to marry

Article 12 protects the right of men and women of marriageable age to marry and to start a family.

Are there any restrictions to this right?

Your right to marry is subject to national laws on marriage, including those that make marriage illegal between certain types of people (for example, close relatives), although the government is able to restrict the right to marry, any restrictions must not be arbitrary and not interfere with the essential principle of the right.

How does this right apply to transsexual people?

The European Court of Human Rights ruled in 2002 that this right extends to transsexual people. They are able to marry or enter civil partnerships in their acquired gender because of the Gender Recognition Act 2004, the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013 and the Marriage and Civil Partnership (Scotland) Act 20

8- The Reproductive Rights

To choose whether to have children or not?

To decide freely the number, spacing and timing of children

Everyone has the right to be able to get the information, education and support to make these decisions.

Decisions should be based on the best information that is available delivery – even when things don’t go as planned – their rights are being violated.

When care is not collaborative, an unhealthy conflict arises that may harm the mother or baby.

There are strategies that defend both the mother and baby from abuse, neglect and mistreatment. Examples of lack of respect include slapping or pinching during delivery, verbal abuse and the use of harsh or rude language.

Patient centred partnerships deliver the best outcome although it’s true that midwifery can be a tedious and psychologically draining profession that requires giving women a lot of emotional support.

delivery – even when things don’t go as planned – their rights are being violated.

When care is not collaborative, an unhealthy conflict arises that may harm the mother or baby.

There are strategies that defend both the mother and baby from abuse, neglect and mistreatment. Examples of lack of respect include slapping or pinching during delivery, verbal abuse and the use of harsh or rude language.

Patient centred partnerships deliver the best outcome although it’s true that midwifery can be a tedious and psychologically draining profession that requires giving women a lot of emotional support.

9 - Women’s right to privacy

We generally talk about privacy in such a manner that as if everyone benefits equally from the same privacy laws and we are all equal. When we do this, it shows how normalised our privilege is to us, that we fail to ignore how the invasion of privacy affects people of different classes and gender very differently. We do not take into account how patriarchy has played a role in setting up such unequal norms. Privacy should be a choice. But this is far from true. For most women, particularly those living under poverty, ignorance and male subjugation, privacy is still a dream unrealised.

The UN Human Rights Council and the UN General Assembly have expressed concern and appreciated that “violations and abuses of the right to privacy in the digital age may affect all individuals, with particular effects on women, as well as children, and persons in vulnerable situations, or marginalized groups”. They have urged upon the states to act towards prevention of violation of the right to privacy against all individuals, particularly women, children and the vulnerable sections of the society, and devise suitable remedies for addressing the issue.

In this digital era, when the invasion of privacy is very easy, we, therefore, need to realize that enactment of suitable privacy laws with a greater affirmative focus on women and other weaker sections of the society, and their rigorous implementation, is the order of the day.

10 - The Right of to be treated fairly and with respect

Everyone has the right:

To be free from threats and violence in the home, when accessing services and at all other times

Threats and violence are always wrong, even if the person doing them is a member of the family or a health worker

Everyone has the right to live a life without discrimination

Discrimination is when people are not treated fairly because of their age, gender, ethnicity, where they live, or other factors

11 - The Right of Not being forced into forced marriage

Child and forced marriage, including in humanitarian settings

Definitions of child marriage and forced marriage

Child and forced marriage (CFM) is a human rights violation and a harmful practice that disproportionately affects women and girls globally, preventing them from living their lives free from all forms of violence.

CFM threatens the lives and futures of girls and women around the world, robbing them of their agency to make decisions about their lives, disrupting their education, making them more vulnerable to violence, discrimination and abuse, and preventing their full participation in economic, political and social spheres.

Child marriage is also often accompanied by early and frequent pregnancy and childbirth, resulting in higher than average maternal morbidity and mortality rates.

CFM may lead to women and girls attempting to flee their communities or commit suicide to avoid or escape the marriage.

12 - The right of Free from Sexual and Gender-Based Violence

Gender-based violence against women and girls

OHCHR and women’s human rights and gender equality

The Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women defines "violence against women" as *any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life."

13 - The right to not mutilation for female genital

Types of FGM

Female genital mutilation is classified into 4 major types:

Type 1: This is the partial or total removal of the clitoral glans (the external and visible part of the clitoris, which is a sensitive part of the female genitals), and/or the prepuce/clitoral hood (the fold of skin surrounding the clitoral glans).

Type 2: This is the partial or total removal of the clitoral glans and the labia minora (the inner folds of the vulva), with or without removal of the labia majora (the outer folds of skin of the vulva).

Type 3: Also known as infibulation, this is the narrowing of the vaginal opening through the creation of a covering seal. The seal is formed by cutting and repositioning the labia minora, or labia majora, sometimes through stitching, with or without removal of the clitoral prepuce/clitoral hood and glans.

Type 4: This includes all other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes, e.g., pricking, piercing, incising, scraping and cauterizing the genital area.

No health benefits, only harm

FGM has no health benefits, and it harms girls and women in many ways. It involves removing and damaging healthy and normal female genital tissue, and it interferes with the natural functions of girls' and women's bodies. Although all forms of FGM are associated with increased risk of health complications, the risk is greater with more severe forms of FGM.

Immediate complications of FGM can include:

severe pain

excessive bleeding (haemorrhage)

genital tissue swelling

fever

infections e.g., tetanus

urinary problems

wound healing problems

injury to surrounding genital tissue

shock

death.

Long-term complications can include:

urinary problems (painful urination, urinary tract infections);

vaginal problems (discharge, itching, bacterial vaginosis and other infections);

menstrual problems (painful menstruations, difficulty in passing menstrual blood, etc.);

scar tissue and keloid;

sexual problems (pain during intercourse, decreased satisfaction, etc.);

increased risk of childbirth complications (difficult delivery, excessive bleeding, caesarean section, need to resuscitate the baby, etc.) and newborn deaths;

need for later surgeries: for example, the sealing or narrowing of the vaginal opening (type 3) may lead to the practice of cutting open the sealed vagina later to allow for sexual intercourse and childbirth (deinfibulation). Sometimes genital tissue is stitched again several times, including after childbirth, hence the woman goes through repeated opening and closing procedures, further increasing both immediate and long-term risks; and

psychological problems (depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, low self-esteem, etc.)

14 - The Right of take part in society

Everyone has the right:

? To hold and give their opinions and ideas in the home, at work, within services, on a committee or on social media

? To get together with others without fear such as to hold a public meeting, or to meet in private, such as with friends and neighbours

? To take part in planning and decision-making in the community on issues that affect their health or the health of their family

? People can also participate through a freely chosen representative, for example a local councillor or a union official.