Which materials are suitable for evaporation in tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum and copper crucibles?

In electron beam evaporation, a variety of materials can be evaporated using crucibles made of tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, or copper. The choice of crucible material depends on factors such as the melting point of the material being evaporated, chemical compatibility, and the desired properties of the deposited film. Here are details of the materials typically evaporated using each type of crucible:

Tungsten crucible:

High melting point metals: Tungsten crucibles are often used to evaporate metals with similarly high melting points, such as titanium (melting point: 1668°C) and zirconium (melting point: 1855°C). These metals require crucibles that can withstand extreme temperatures without deformation or contamination

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Molybdenum crucible:

Semiconductor materials: Molybdenum crucible is suitable for evaporating semiconductor materials such as silicon (melting point: 1414°C) and germanium (melting point: 938°C). These materials are commonly used in microelectronics and photovoltaics.

Tantalum crucible:

High Purity Applications: Tantalum crucibles are the first choice for evaporating materials that require high purity and chemical inertness. For example, oxides such as aluminum oxide (melting point: 2072°C) and silicon dioxide (melting point: 1713°C) are used in optical coatings and semiconductor devices.

Copper crucible:

Low melting point metals: Copper crucibles are often used to evaporate metals with relatively low melting points. Examples include aluminum (melting point: 660°C), gold (melting point: 1064°C) and silver (melting point: 961°C). These metals are commonly used in electronics, decorative coatings and metallization processes.

It is important to note that while these are common examples, the choice of crucible material and evaporant depends on the specific requirements of each application. Factors such as thermal conductivity, chemical compatibility and the desired properties of the deposited film all play a crucial role in determining the optimal combination of crucible material and evaporant. Additionally, proper crucible conditioning and handling is critical to ensure a consistent and reliable evaporation process.

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