What is an Operating System? Explained 2025

An operating system is a software program that acts as an intermediary between a device's hardware and its user. It manages hardware resources, provides a user interface, and enables applications to run efficiently. Essentially, the OS is the backbone of any computing device, ensuring that the processor, memory, storage, and peripherals (like keyboards, screens, and printers) work together seamlessly.

The primary functions of an operating system include:

• Process Management: Handling the execution of programs and multitasking.
• Memory Management: Allocating and deallocating memory for applications and system processes.
• File Management: Organizing, storing, and retrieving data on storage devices.
• Device Management: Controlling hardware components via drivers.
• User Interface: Providing a way for users to interact with the device, whether through a graphical interface (GUI) or command-line interface (CLI).

Here are some of the most prominent operating systems in use today:

Microsoft Windows

Microsoft Windows is the most widely used operating system for personal computers globally. First introduced in 1985 as a graphical extension of MS-DOS, Windows has evolved into a versatile, user-friendly OS that dominates the desktop and laptop market.

Key Features:

• Graphical User Interface (GUI): Windows popularized the point-and-click interface with windows, icons, and menus, making computing accessible to non-technical users.
• Compatibility: Supports a vast ecosystem of software, including productivity tools (Microsoft Office), games, and professional applications.
• Versions: The latest iteration as of February 2025 is Windows 11, known for its sleek design, enhanced gaming features (like DirectStorage), and integration with Microsoft services like Teams and OneDrive.
• Hardware Support: Works with a wide range of hardware configurations, from budget PCs to high-end workstations.

It has Broad software support, user-friendly interface, and extensive hardware compatibility. But it's Prone to malware due to its popularity, and some versions have been criticized for bloatware or performance issues on older hardware.

Android

Developed by Google, Android is an open-source operating system primarily designed for mobile devices like smartphones and tablets. Launched in 2008, it’s built on the Linux kernel and has become the most-used OS worldwide, thanks to its adaptability and widespread adoption by device manufacturers.

Key Features:

• Open Source: Manufacturers and developers can customize Android, leading to a variety of flavors (e.g., Samsung’s One UI, Xiaomi’s MIUI).
• Google Play Store: Offers millions of apps, from productivity tools to games.
• Integration: Seamlessly connects with Google services like Gmail, Maps, and Drive.
• Flexibility: Runs on diverse hardware, from budget phones to flagship devices and even wearables (Wear OS).

Android powers smartphones, tablets, smart TVs, cars (via Android Auto), and IoT devices. Its open nature makes it a favorite for developers and tinkerers.

Linux

Linux is an open-source, Unix-like operating system first created by Linus Torvalds in 1991. Unlike Windows or macOS, Linux isn’t a single OS but a kernel that powers numerous distributions (distros) like Ubuntu, Fedora, and Debian.

Key Features:

• Open Source: Free to use, modify, and distribute, fostering a collaborative developer community.
• Stability: Known for its reliability, often running servers without needing reboots for months.
• Customization: Users can tailor the OS to their needs, from lightweight distros for old hardware to robust systems for developers.
• Command-Line Power: Offers a powerful CLI alongside optional GUIs like GNOME or KDE.

Linux dominates server environments (e.g., web hosting), supercomputers, and cloud infrastructure. It’s also popular among developers, cybersecurity experts, and enthusiasts. Distros like Ubuntu cater to everyday desktop users.

iOS

Developed by Apple, iOS is the operating system powering iPhones, iPads, and iPod Touch devices. Introduced in 2007 with the first iPhone, iOS is known for its polished design and tight integration with Apple’s ecosystem.

Key Features:

• User Interface: A clean, intuitive touch-based GUI with features like multitasking gestures and widgets (introduced in later versions).
• App Store: A curated marketplace with strict quality controls, offering apps optimized for Apple hardware.
• Security: Emphasizes privacy with features like App Tracking Transparency and encrypted backups.
• Ecosystem Integration: Syncs effortlessly with macOS, Apple Watch, and iCloud.

iOS is exclusively used on Apple’s mobile devices, catering to users who value premium hardware and a seamless experience.

macOS

macOS is Apple’s operating system for Mac computers, evolving from the Unix-based NeXTSTEP after Apple acquired NeXT in 1997. It’s known for its elegant design and professional-grade capabilities.

Key Features:

• Aqua Interface: A visually appealing GUI with features like Mission Control and the Dock.
• Performance: Optimized for Apple’s custom silicon (e.g., M1, M2 chips), delivering exceptional speed and battery life.
• Creative Tools: Pre-installed apps like Final Cut Pro and Logic Pro make it a favorite for creatives.
• Continuity: Features like Handoff and Universal Clipboard integrate macOS with iOS devices.

macOS is ideal for professionals in design, video editing, and software development, as well as general users seeking a premium desktop experience.

Whether it’s Windows for personal computing, Linux for servers, macOS for professionals, iOS for Apple mobile devices, or Android for smartphones, each OS has unique features tailored to different user needs.