What is the mass of the Universe?

v. 1 n. 49

NOTICES:

1. A Post Script was added to the previous Letter referencing a recent observation paper and video supporting a variable Hubble parameter.
2. It is recommended that the active linkedin version of these Letters is viewed because any updates, corrections, cover image caption and original format is not included in the e-mail version.

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Conventionally, for the most part, the Universe is taken to be 93 billion light years in diameter. As discussed its calculated mass from

m/r^2 = H/G

where the Hubble parameter in acceleration units is H ≈ 6 x 10^-13 m/s^2, so that m ≈ 1.7 x 10^51 kg, which is about the conventional order. *

While there are numerous figures on the size of the Universe, implying differing mass values, Choice b in the cover image is not among them. This is because the creation mass/energy value of the Universe of at least 10^50 kg is not accounted for.

Conservation laws before creation. Such accounting, though, must consider the possibility of something physically existent before time zero if the conservation laws hold. If the conservations laws do not then hold, the discussion passes from physics to philosophy.

The composition of existence before time zero. Physically, likely more of the same for the most part. For Choice b to be true, mass/energy would have to be at least -10^50 kg (or +10^50 kg, see Figure 1) before time zero. But there is no evidence of negative mass/energy -- unless all mass/energy in our familiar Universe is negative,** i.e., Newtonian gravity is unchanged with either two positive or two negative masses, since the product of two negatives is a positive; then mass can be defined positive (and familiar). The title question might depend on how a Universe is defined -- from the beginning, or sufficiently before.

Figure 1. Gravitational wave (density) about our time zero as component -- among other similar components simultaneously converging and reinforcing about the origin -- of an episodic wave in an eternal spacetime of zero net energy.***

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* (1) A constant to relieve the "Hubble Tension" ? | LinkedIn

** (1) Since negative mass is theoretically possible, where might it be? | LinkedIn

*** (1) Is matter made from space? | LinkedIn