What Is Linux?
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Written by Abiodun Onaolapo
What Is Linux?
Linux is an operating system's kernel. You might have heard of UNIX. Well, Linux is a UNIX clone. But it was actually created by Linus Torvalds from Scratch. Linux is free and open-source, that means that you can simply change anything in Linux and redistribute it in your own name! There are several Linux Distributions, commonly called distros.
Linux is Mainly used in servers. About 90% of the internet is powered by Linux servers. This is because Linux is fast, secure, and free! The main problem of using Windows servers are their cost. This is solved by using Linux servers. The OS that runs in about 80% of the smartphones in the world, Android, is also made from the Linux kernel. Most of the viruses in the world run on Windows, but not on Linux!
Linux Shell or Terminal
So, basically, a shell is a program that receives commands from the user and gives it to the OS to process, and it shows the output. Linux's shell is its main part. Its distros come in GUI (graphical user interface), but basically, Linux has a CLI (command line interface). In this tutorial, we are going to cover the basic commands that we use in the shell of Linux.
To open the terminal, press Ctrl+Alt+T in Ubuntu, or press Alt+F2, type in gnome-terminal, and press enter. In Raspberry Pi, type in lxterminal. There is also a GUI way of taking it, but this is better!
Linux Commands
Basic Commands
1. pwd : When you first open the terminal, you are in the home directory of your user. To know which directory you are in, you can use the pwd command. It gives us the absolute path, which means the path that starts from the root. The root is the base of the Linux file system. It is denoted by a forward slash( / ). The user directory is usually something like "/home/username"
2. ls Use the "ls" command to know what files are in the directory you are in. You can see all the hidden files by using the command ls -a.
3. cd : Use the "cd" command to go to a directory. For example, if you are in the home folder, and you want to go to the downloads folder, then you can type in cd. Remember, this command is case sensitive, and you have to type in the name of the folder exactly as it is. But there is a problem with these commands. Imagine you have a folder named Raspberry Pi. In this case, when you type in cd. Raspberry Pi, the shell will take the second argument of the command as a different one, so you will get an error saying that the directory does not exist. Here, you can use a backward slash. That is, you can use cd Raspberry\ Pi in this case. Spaces are denoted like this: If you just type cd and press enter, it takes you to the home directory. To go back from a folder to the folder before that, you can type cd .. . The two dots represent back.
4. mkdir & rmdir : Use the mkdir command when you need to create a folder or a directory. For example, if you want to make a directory called DIY, then you can type mkdir DIY. Remember, as told before, if you want to create a directory named DIY Hacking, then you can type mkdir DIY\ Hacking. Use rmdir to delete a directory. But rmdir can only be used to delete an empty directory. To delete a directory containing files, use rm.
5. rm - Use the rm command to delete files and directories. Use "rm -r" to delete just the directory. It deletes both the folder and the files it contains when using only the rm command.
6. touch: The touch command is used to create a file. It can be anything, from an empty txt file to an empty zip file. For example, touch new.txt.
7. man & --help : To know more about a command and how to use it, use the man command. It shows the manual pages of the command. For example, man cd shows the manual pages of the cd command. Typing in the command name and the argument helps it show which ways the command can be used (e.g.,cd help).
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8. cp : Use the cp command to copy files through the command line. It takes two arguments: The first is the location of the file to be copied, the second is where to copy.
9. mv: Use the mv command to move files through the command line. We can also use the mv command to rename a file. For example, if we want to rename the file text to new, we can use mv text new. It takes the two arguments, just like the cp command.
10. locate : The locate command is used to locate a file in a Linux system, just like the search command in Windows. This command is useful when you don't know where a file is saved or the actual name of the file. Using the -i argument with the command helps to ignore the case (it doesn't matter if it is uppercase or lowercase). So, if you want a file that has the word hello, it gives the list of all the files in your Linux system containing the word "hello" when you type in locate -i hello. If you remember two words, you can separate them using an asterisk (*). For example, to locate a file containing the words "hello" and "this", you can use the command locate -i *hello*this.
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Intermediate Commands
1. echo : The "echo" command helps us move some data, usually text into a file. For example, if you want to create a new text file or add to an already made text file, you just need to type in, echo hello, my name is alok >> new.txt. You do not need to separate the spaces by using the backward slash here, because we put in two triangular brackets when we finish what we need to write.
2. cat: Use the cat command to display the contents of a file. It is usually used to easily view programs.
3. sudo : A widely used command in the Linux command line, sudo stands for "SuperUser Do". So, if you want any command to be done with administrative or root privileges, you can use the sudo command. For example, if you want to edit a file like viz. alsa-base.conf, which needs root permissions, you can use the command a€“ sudo nano alsa-base.conf. You can enter the root command line using the command a€? sudo bash a€, then type in your user password. You can also use the command a€? su a€ to do this, but you need to set a root password before that. For that, you can use the command a€? sudo passwd a€(not misspelled, it is passwd). Then type in the new root password.
4. df : Use the df command to see the available disk space in each of the partitions in your system. You can just type in df in the command line and you can see each mounted partition and their used/available space in % and in KBs. If you want it shown in megabytes, you can use the command df -m.
5. du : Use du to know the disk usage of a file in your system. If you want to know the disk usage for a particular folder or file in Linux, you can type in the command df and the name of the folder or file. For example, if you want to know the disk space used by the documents folder in Linux, you can use the command du Documents. You can also use the command ls -lah to view the file sizes of all the files in a folder.
6. tar : Use tar to work with tarballs (or files compressed in a tarball archive) in the Linux command line. It has a long list of uses. It can be used to compress and uncompress different types of tar archives like.tar, .tar.gz, .tar.bz2,etc. It works on the basis of the arguments given to it. For example, "tar -cvf" for creating a .tar archive, -xvf to untar a tar archive, -tvf to list the contents of the archive, etc.Since it is a wide topic, here are some examples of tar commands.
7. zip, unzip : Use zip to compress files into a zip archive, and unzip to extract files from a zip archive.
8. uname : Use uname to show the information about the system your Linux distro is running. Using the command uname -a prints most of the information about the system. This prints the kernel release date, version, processor type, etc.
9. apt-get : Use?apt to work with packages in the Linux command line. Use apt-get to install packages. This requires root privileges, so use the sudo command with it. For example, if you want to install the text editor jed (as I mentioned earlier), we can type in the command sudo apt-get install jed. Similarly, any packages can be installed like this. It is good to update your repository each time you try to install a new package. You can do that by typing sudo apt-get update. You can upgrade the system by typing sudo apt-get upgrade. We can also upgrade the distro by typing sudo apt-get dist-upgrade. The command apt-cache search is used to search for a package. If you want to search for one, you can type in apt-cache search jed (this doesn't require root).
10. chmod : Use chmod to make a file executable and to change the permissions granted to it in Linux. Imagine you have a python code named numbers.py in your computer. You'll need to run a€? python numbers.py a€ every time you need to run it. Instead of that, when you make it executable, you'll just need to run numbers.py in the terminal to run the file. To make a file executable, you can use the command chmod +x numbers.py in this case. You can use chmod 755 numbers.py to give it root permissions or sudo chmod +x numbers.py for root executable. Here is some more
11. hostname : Use hostname to know your name in your host or network. Basically, it displays your hostname and IP address. Just typing hostname gives the output. Typing in hostname -I gives you your IP address in your network.
12. ping : Use ping to check your connection to a server. Wikipedia says, "Ping is a computer network administration software utility used to test the reachability of a host on an Internet Protocol (IP) network". Simply, when you type in, for example,ping google.com, it checks if it can connect to the server and come back. It measures this round-trip time and gives you the details about it. The use of this command for simple users like us is to check your internet connection. If it pings the Google server (in this case), you can confirm that your internet connection is active!