What happens to data which is sent from a device to another?

Data is in a format understandable by the application lke txt.

TCP two key actions =>

Encapsulation: It adds a header to the data. This header contains information like source and destination port numbers, sequence numbers (for reliable delivery), and flags for error control.

Segmentation: TCP breaks the data with the added header (now called a segment) into smaller chunks suitable for network transmission.

The Network layer (IP): adds another header to each segment received from the Segmentation. This header includes information like source and destination IP addresses, allowing routing across the network. The combined segment with the TCP and IP headers is now called a packet.

Frame is formed by adding header to the packet. This header contains information about the physical network interface (like MAC address).

The frame is converted into a series of electrical signals (on Ethernet) or light pulses (on fiber optics) for transmission over the physical network cable. These electrical signals or light pulses represent the binary code (0s and 1s) of the data. Finally data is decapsulated in a reversed order.