This is What Happened to Muslims and Jews after the Fall of Islamic Spain in 1492

This is What Happened to Muslims and Jews after the Fall of Islamic Spain in 1492

The fall of Granada in 1492 marked the end of a significant era in Spanish history, characterized by the rich and diverse cultural tapestry woven by Muslims, Jews, and Christians under Moorish rule. The subsequent events that unfolded following this conquest had profound and lasting impacts on the religious and cultural landscape of the Iberian Peninsula. This article delves into the aftermath of this historic event and explores the fate of the Muslims and Jews who remained in Spain. By Sabera Ahsan

On January 2, 1492, the Catholic monarchs Queen Isabel of Castile and King Ferdinand of Aragon conquered Granada, the last Muslim stronghold in Spain, ending 700 years of Moorish rule on the Iberian Peninsula. This momentous event followed decades of warfare between the Catholic monarchs and Boabdil, the last Sultan of Spain. Boabdil was exiled and granted an enclave in the Alpujarra Mountains, where he spent his remaining days in Morocco after burying his wife, Morayma, and youngest son, Yusuf. Boabdil’s eldest son, Ahmed, remained in Spain, adopted Christianity, and integrated into Spanish society.

For Muslims and Jews who chose to stay in Spain, conversion to Catholicism became mandatory. Despite the initial promise made to Boabdil and the terms of the 1491 Treaty of Granada, which allowed them to practice their faith, these terms were soon violated. Mosques were converted into churches, and religious repression led to various rebellions. These uprisings were seen as breaches of the surrender terms and ultimately resulted in the expulsion of Muslims and Jews from the Peninsula. Those who stayed behind were forced to convert, becoming Moriscos (Muslim converts) and Marranos (Jewish converts).

The fall of Granada was celebrated as a triumph of Christianity. Queen Isabel regarded it as her greatest achievement. Boabdil had negotiated the surrender with the condition that Muslims and Jews could continue practising their religion. His sons were held as hostages by the Castilian court, and his wife, Morayma, fell into depression. At the same time, his mother, Aisha, plotted against his father, Muley Hacen, and uncle, Al-Zagal.

After Granada's fall, Castile gradually revoked its tolerant policies. Archbishop Cisneros, a prominent Spanish inquisitor, ordered mass conversions and the burning of tens of thousands of Arabic manuscripts on various subjects, sparing only medical texts. This led to revolts and forced many Muslims to choose between conversion, exile, or execution. To prevent further uprisings, Isabel strengthened the Spanish Inquisition. By 1502, Islam was made illegal in Spain.

The fall of Al-Andalus is considered one of the most tragic events in Islamic history. At its peak, the Moorish Empire had a population of over 5 million Muslims. The Moors established a sophisticated civilization known for its knowledge, tolerance, technology, and scientific discoveries. Córdoba, the capital of Muslim Spain, featured paved roads, hospitals, streetlights, and Europe’s first universities. The city produced 6000 books annually, far surpassing the largest Christian library in Europe, which contained only 600 books. Al-Andalus was a blend of North African and European cultures where Muslims, Jews, and Christians coexisted peacefully.

In March 1492, the Spanish monarchs issued an edict expelling Jews from Spain, leading to a mass exodus to the Ottoman Empire, where they became known as Sephardic Jews. The Ottoman Navy transported the exiled Jews to Istanbul to protect them from genocide.

Over the next century, many Moriscos secretly practised Islam but faced harassment and persecution. In 1609, King Philip III of Spain expelled all Moriscos, giving them three days to leave for North Africa or the Ottoman Empire. By 1614, all Moriscos and Marranos were expelled, and Islam and Judaism were eradicated from the Iberian Peninsula. The Muslim population in Spain decreased from 500,000 to zero within 100 years, marking one of history's most significant acts of genocide.

Recommended Reading:

- The Shadow of the Pomegranate Tree by Tariq Ali

- Leo the African by Amin Maalouf

- The Hand of Fatima by Ildefonso Falcones

Juan Manuel Escribano

Director Internacional de RRHH, Servicios Corporativos y Operaciones, buscando nuevas oportunidades profesionales

4 个月

"By 1614, all Moriscos and Marranos were expelled, and Islam and Judaism were eradicated from the Iberian Peninsula" Let's clarify: the Marranos were not expelled. Judaism was banned in 1492, and Islam in 1502. Those who remained were officially converted Christians after having been baptized, so the Inquisition could judge them, since the Inquisition could only judge Christians. The expulsion of the Moriscos was officially for treason to the king, not for religion (the latter was told to common people). The fear that they would ask the Ottoman Empire for help to rebel again, in addition to the request to send weapons to the Moriscos of Aragon from France, either by the Protestant Huguenots or by King Henry II, and the help they gave to the Berber pirates to plunder the Spanish coast (robberies, kidnappings, massacres), convinced the king to expell them all. Anecdotal fact: the Spanish Inquisition itself defended the Moriscos of Murcia to prevent their expulsion. And please, let's not recommend novels instead of history books to better understand history, it does not seem very appropriate for learning history, and it is maybe the biggest mistake of all. (7 of 7)

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Juan Manuel Escribano

Director Internacional de RRHH, Servicios Corporativos y Operaciones, buscando nuevas oportunidades profesionales

4 个月

"after burying his wife, Morayma, and youngest son, Yusuf. Boabdil's eldest son, Ahmed, remained in Spain, adopted Christianity, and integrated into Spanish society." Boabdil's two sons were returned and met with her mother in Laujar, and after her death the two went with their father Boabdil to Fez. "The fall of Granada was celebrated as a triumph of Christianity (...) The fall of Al-Andalus is considered one of the most tragic events in Islamic history" How would we then consider the fall of the Visigothic kingdom in 711 from the Christian point of view? A triumph of Islam, or a tragedy for Christians? "After Granada's fall, Castile gradually revoked its tolerant policies." They were revoked in 1502, not gradually, after the armed revolts caused by the aggressive evangelization policy of Cardinal Cisneros that began in 1499. The armed revolts were the trigger for the breaking of the treaty, those who revolted would be forgiven if they were baptized, which they did en masse, avoiding forced exile and keeping their religion a secret. (6 of 7)

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Juan Manuel Escribano

Director Internacional de RRHH, Servicios Corporativos y Operaciones, buscando nuevas oportunidades profesionales

4 个月

As for genocide: using the term to describe events before the 20th century, when neither the mentality nor the context of the 20th century existed, is at the very least risky, because history would be full of them, so not mentioning them all would imply a very obvious double standard. The Berber Almoravids imposed harsh treatment on both Christians and Jews (also on Spanish Muslims). Jews were massacred in Granada in 1066, Christians were expelled in 1126 from Granada, Cordoba and Seville, also later in 1138 from other places, leaving Al Andalus with a declining Christian population. The Jews who remained in Al Andalus had to face in 1145 the invasion of the Berber Almohads, who treated non-Muslims even worse, and even the Almoravids, whom they accused of not having treated non-Muslims harshly enough. They forced the Jews to choose between conversion to Islam or death in 1146 (converts were also discriminated against) and ordered the expulsion of the remaining Christians in 1170, although by 1162 there were almost none left. Wasn't that genocide? The arrival of both Berbers meant the end of what until then had been rivalry, and brought a radical religious intolerance of which Christians were later exclusively accused. (5 of 7)

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Juan Manuel Escribano

Director Internacional de RRHH, Servicios Corporativos y Operaciones, buscando nuevas oportunidades profesionales

4 个月

"In 1609, King Philip III of Spain expelled all Moriscos, giving them three days to leave for North Africa or the Ottoman Empire" Let's clarify: not all the Moriscos were expelled in 1609. There were expulsions in the different kingdoms from 1609 to 1613. In the different kingdoms of Spain there were different deadlines. In Castile they were given one month to sell their belongings and take merchandise that could be sold in the destination country. And they were not forced to go to North Africa or the Ottoman Empire, some used the route to France or Italy. "The Muslim population in Spain decreased from 500,000 to zero within 100 years, marking one of history's most significant acts of genocide." Before the war in Granada there were no censuses and researchers believe that the Muslim population of Granada was around 300,000. Because of the wars (that of the Catholic monarchs and the Granada civil war) many fled to North Africa. In 1502 there were 165,000 left, so 135,000 left Spain in 20 years, an average of 6,750 per year, but they were not expelled. Out of the 286,000 Moriscos registered in 1609, 272,140 were expelled. (4 of 7)

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Juan Manuel Escribano

Director Internacional de RRHH, Servicios Corporativos y Operaciones, buscando nuevas oportunidades profesionales

4 个月

"This momentous event followed decades of warfare between the Catholic monarchs and Boabdil, the last Sultan of Spain" Let's clarify: Boabdil was the last sultan of Granada, or of Al Andalus. The War of Granada lasted from 1482 to January 1492 (the first 3 years were not a war, only seasonal and improvised confrontations) between the Catholic monarchs and three sultans of Granada: Mulay Hacen, El Zagal and Boabdil, who maintained a civil war between them, during which Boabdil was taken prisoner by the Catholic monarchs twice, and released. In fact, after his second liberation, he led a Christian (that of the Catholic monarchs) and a Muslim army to recover Granada from the hands of his uncle El Zagal. "Boabdil was exiled and granted an enclave in the Alpujarra Mountains, where he spent his remaining days in Morocco" Boabdil lived in the Alpujarras for a year and a half, and finally decided to go to North Africa, after selling to the Catholic monarchs the lordship that they had granted him (after pressure and intrigue from a Christian and a Muslim traitor he trusted). His exile was voluntary (he certified it in a letter), accompanied by the Granada Muslim elite (about 6,000 people). (3 of 7)

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