What is Exposure in Photography

 

Changes during of a day, from dark to bright and turns back to darkness again. The changes to a scene can be dramatic and amazing to behold with our eyes.

Your camera’s job is to capture the available light that enters through the lens and let it ‘hit’ the camera sensor. Your camera interprets the light reaching the sensor create a digital image file from it.

The amount of light that your camera can ‘catch’, changes when the light outside does and this will make the photo darker or brighter accordingly.

If you have too little light entering the camera, the photo will become underexposed. If too much light enters the camera, your photo will become overexposed.

With the correct amount of light entering the camera, you will get a perfectly exposed photo, with nothing totally hidden in the shadows and without blown out highlights.

Since the amount of light changes during the day, your camera also has to have a way to understand the light and adjust to it. Your camera does this primarily by balancing three basic factors, which is the shutter speed, the aperture, and the ISO. Shutter speed, aperture, and ISO are the three basic pillars of understanding exposure.

 

What type of equipment do you use?

A hired photographer should have appropriate equipment to accomplish the job and capture the photos you need. Obviously, you want a photographer who owns a high-quality camera and lens, but they should be prepared with more than that.

The right equipment goes beyond the camera — you need a photographer who will take care of lighting, props and staging the photos. Plus, once you know a photographer’s capabilities, you can also determine which items you’ll need to put on your to-do list.

To determine a photographer’s background and credentials, ask these questions:

• Where did you train for professional photography?
• How long have you been a commercial photographer?
• Are you a Certified Professional Photographer (CPP)?
• What’s your experience in this industry?
• What clients have you worked with in the past?
• What clients do you work with now?

 

 

 

Getting the Perfect Exposure

Exposure Level Indicator on the LCD screen on the back of a Nikon DSLR.

In manual mode, your camera helps you evaluate how much light is needed to get a perfect exposed scene. It tells you what the current setting would result in with the exposure level indicator that you see in the viewfinder or on the LCD screen on the back of your camera.

The exposure level indicator should be centered to get a perfect exposure. If the indicator is showing negative values, your image will become underexposed and therefore dark. If the indicator shows positive values, your image will become overexposed and too bright with washed out colors. To get a perfectly exposed photo, you should adjust one of the three exposure factors: Shutter speed, aperture or ISO (or several of them).

The Exposure Triangle?

Shutter speed, aperture, and ISO all affect the exposure of a photo. And they do so in relationship to each other. If you change one of them, then you will see the exposure level indicator in the viewfinder/LCD moves accordingly.

This means that if you change one of them, you have to change at least one of the other to get the same exposure value as before the modification.

Let us say you are taking photos of your kids in the garden and your camera tells you with the exposure level indicator that the exposure it perfect. However, if the kids are running and jumping around all the time, the photo might look blurry and unsharp because they move so much.

To avoid this, you can increase the shutter speed which will make your kids appear sharp on the photo. However, when you increase the shutter speed the exposure level indicator moves into the negative values telling you that you don’t get enough light for a perfect exposure. To remedy this, you would have to sacrifice either the current ISO value or your aperture value. Changing these comes at a cost of either more grainy look as you raise the ISO or a shallower area in focus as you use a larger aperture. The key point in balancing your settings is a puzzle game of gain/loss that you have to solve for each photo. However, it isn’t as difficult as it might sound.

 

What is Aperture in Photography?

The easiest way to understand aperture is by likening it to the pupil in a human eye. The pupil adjusts to control how much light pass further into the eye. If you enter a dark room, the pupil will expand to allow more light to enter. If you point a flashlight towards your eye or go outside into the sun, the pupil will contract to allow less light to pass further into the eye. Aperture has the same function in a camera lens. It controls how much light enters further into the camera.

However, our eyes are dynamic and adjust to light so fast that we don’t even recognize it. Your camera is limited to use only one aperture setting per exposure. Furthermore, unlike the pupil in a human eye, aperture also changes the camera’s ability to focus over a wide distance, which is called depth-of-field. You can see this a limitation, but also as a creative constraint to control which areas of your image you want to have in focus.

How Aperture is Measured?

Aperture is measured using the F-stop scale. On your camera, you will see this displayed as i.e. F8 or f/8. The f-stop ranges that a lens can control usually varies from f/2.8 to f/22. However, some fast lenses can handle f-stops up to f/1.4.

In the beginning, many get a little confused about aperture values. This comes from a large aperture (hole) has the value of f/2 while a small aperture has the value of i.e. f/22. This seems contradictory. However, if you think of it as fractions, like in 1/2, you can clearly see that this is bigger than 1/22. It is quite normal, at the beginning, when someone asks you to use a small aperture, to instinctively turn the dial f/2, which is a large aperture because the lower number tricks you.

How Aperture affects Depth-of-Field?

Below you can see how the aperture works. At f/1.4 the aperture is wide open and lets in plenty of light. However, at f/1.4 the depth-of-field is very narrow, which means that the background will get blurred and create a beautiful bokeh effect. The potential downside is that the depth-of-field can become too narrow for you to keep your whole subject sharp. In that case, you should use a smaller aperture to increase the depth-of-field.

In the image below you can see that the whole jetty and the clouds are in focus. Using a small aperture of f/16 gives a deep depth-of-field and ensures that everything from front to back is in focus.

 

Using an aperture on f/16 ensures that everything from front to back is sharp and in focus.

Using a larger aperture like f/2.8 or f/4 gives you a more narrow depth-of-field which can be useful to help you separate your primary subject from the background by making the background soft and out of focus. A narrow depth-of-field helps guide the eyes to where you want the viewer to look, as with the flower which is the primary focal point in the image below.

 

Using an aperture of f/4.8 makes the background come out of focus and become soft.

What is Shutter speed?

Shutter speed is the time that the camera allows light to hit the camera sensor. The shutter curtain in a camera compares to your eyelids, except that the shutter curtain is closed as default. Pressing the shutter is like opening the eyes and closing them again. However, you can do this at varying speed. If it is bright, you only need to open your eyes very shortly before closing them again, and you will still be able to tell, what you saw. On the other hand, if it is dark, you need to have your eyes open for longer, until you can see something.

The light impressions that the camera sensor picks up, during the time where the shutter curtain is open, is what translates into a digital image. If you get too much light to the camera sensor because a slow shutter speed will result in an image that is too bright, and therefore overexposed. If you get too little light, your image will become underexposed. However, as you have learned above you can balance this out using ISO and aperture.

Compact cameras automatically set the shutter speed for you. But in DSLR cameras, you have the freedom to control the shutter speed. This gives you both possibilities for being more creative in your photography, but challenges that can result in poor images.

How Shutter Speed Is Measured?

On your camera, the display will typically show 125 when the shutter speed is 1/125 of a second. When the shutter speed is one second, it will show 1”. At 30 seconds it will show 30”. When you go above 30 seconds by using a cable release or remote control you camera will display bulb because the shutter will be open until you release the cable trigger or press the remote again to stop the exposure.

How to Use Shutter Speed Creatively?

Landscape photographers often use a slow shutter speed as a way to show the movement in waves, clouds or even grass. This is done by using a tripod to ensure that the camera will remain static, so the movement that occurs while the shutter is open, only comes from the elements in the scene.

 

Using a shutter speed of 1 sec. help emphasize the wave movements in this shot.

With a fast shutter speed, you can freeze high motion action, like sport or a racing car. However, a car that is completely sharp will often look as if it is not moving. Therefore, using a slower shutter speed can help you add some energy to your image and show that this car is moving very fast. You can do this by following the car with your camera, while using a relatively slow shutter speed. This technique is called panning

With nature photography, you would, more than often, want the subject to be tack sharp. This requires a fast shutter speed. The faster the subject moves and the closer you are to it, the faster a shutter speed it requires for sharp images.

Useful Shutter Speeds for Different Genres of Outdoor Photography:

Below you can see a rough estimation of different shutter speeds and the type of outdoor photography it works well with.

Shutter Speed

Types of Photography

30 seconds and above

/ Bulb mode

Create long exposures with silky smooth, misty water and cloud streaks with shutter speeds above 30 seconds. Often you need to go up to 2-4 minutes of exposure time.

20-30 sec.

Milky Way Photography Note, that this depends on your focal length relative to the rotation of the earth. You can get help with an app like

1 sec.

During twilight when the has just gone below the horizon, you need a shutter speed around 1 second.

1/8-1/10 sec.

Use this shutter speed to catch water movement, like waves withdrawing from a beach. Use a tripod so you only get water movement and not camera movement.

1/30 – 1/60 sec.

Useful for panning to catch a moving car, bike or walking person and get intentional movement blur. The slower the subject walk, the longer shutter speed. However, a longer focal length increases the effect of panning and therefore a shorter shutter speed is needed. Turn in vibration reduction if your lens has this feature.

1/125 sec.

In general, if you are shooting hand-held you probably don’t want to go slower than this unless you have vibration reduction enabled. However, this also depends on the focal length of the lens you are using. See more about shutter speed while hand-holding below.

1/250 sec.

This shutter speed is great for shooting non-moving subjects. Like persons or slower animals.

1/500 sec.

With 1/500 sec. you can freeze fast-moving people, bikes.

Above 1/1000 sec.

Useful for capturing and freezing the motion of fast moving animals and racing cars.

Above 1/2000 sec.

If you want to freeze the wings of a flying bird you probably need to crank the shutter speed up to 1/2000 sec.

 

 

Fishing at the pier in N?rre Vorup?r. The price for the best fishing spot is constantly getting wet by the waves crashing against the pier’s hard concrete. Using a fast shutter speed allowed me to freeze the wave as it hit the pier.

Shutter Speed with Hand-held Photography

Setting the shutter speed manually can be a little tricky when shooting holding the camera in your hands. In the beginning, you will likely get som blurred shots because of camera movement. One of the reasons for this is that the focal length of your lens affects how slow a shutter speed you can use for hand held shooting. The focal length (mm) translates roughly to the same fraction of seconds in shutter speed. With a focal length of 90 mm, this would mean that your shutter speed should at least be 1/90 of a second or faster for shooting without a tripod. If your focal length is 300mm, use a shutter speed faster than 1/300 seconds to get sharp images hand-held.

As a general rule, shoot with a faster shutter speed than your focal length.

Some lenses have built-in vibration reduction or image stabilization, which will help you manage 2-4 stops slower shutter speeds. However, this can vary depending on your technique for holding your camera. Vibration reduction can be a help if you shoot without a tripod and you don’t have enough light available for using as fast a shutter speed as required.

What is ISO?

The ISO setting tells you how sensitive the camera is to available light. If you are using a low ISO setting, like ISO 100, you need plenty of light. Otherwise, it can limit the shutter speed and aperture settings you can to use to get a well-exposed image. However, if you raise the ISO level, your camera will be more sensitive to the amount of light present. Therefore, you can afford to use a faster shutter speed or use a smaller aperture instead.

You might think that you can just bump up ISO as much as you would like to get the shutter speed and aperture that you want. To some degree this is true, and most cameras have an auto-ISO setting that would help you focus just on the shutter speed and aperture and letting the camera decide on which ISO to use to get a perfect exposure. However, there is a cost to raising the ISO. When you increase your camera’s level of sensitivity to light, you add noise to your image and therefore degrades the image quality.

At lower ISO levels between i.e. 100 and up till around ISO 400, you won’t notice any or only limited noise. You can sometimes get away with up to 1600 without much visible noise depending on your camera, but above that it becomes a significant issue for many cameras. However, DSLR’s have evolved quite a lot on this point and continue to do so.

Most cameras have a lower setting at around 100, with many DSLR’s going beyond ISO 12800. Extreme ranges for some professional DSLR cameras are ISO 50-204,800.

You should aim at keeping your ISO as close to the lowest possible to get the best image quality, but don’t worry about it if you are below ISO 400, if it can help you get the shot you want. Above ISO 400 I would begin to think a little more about the trade-off I am making between getting the perfect exposure, depth-of-field, avoiding movement and image quality.

Getting a less than perfect exposure is also an option to consider instead of degrading the image quality. You can underexpose your image deliberately and increase the exposure later in post-processing. As long as you are shooting in RAW-file format, you can recover about 2 f-stops without losing image quality.

When to Raise The ISO?

There are times when raising the ISO makes sense:

• To freeze subject movement. The subject movement comes from using too slow a shutter speed. Raising the ISO allows you to use a faster shutter speed.
• When using a flash would create an artificial look or remove a nighttime or candle light atmosphere.
• When hand-holding a long lens.
• When doing night photography. Star photography typically requires something like ISO 3200 or above to get enough light during 20-30 seconds exposure.

I usually set the ISO when I start shooting taking the available light into consideration and tries to keep the ISO as low as possible. If the exposure level indicator shows that I cannot shoot with Aperture Priority mode lets you dial in the aperture setting, while the camera automatically dials in the required shutter speed to get a good exposure. To use Aperture Mode turn the shooting mode dial to A (Nikon) or Av (Canon)

• Shutter Priority mode lets you dial in the shutter speed, and the camera will automatically adjust the aperture setting for you. To use Shutter Priority Mode turn the shooting mode dial to S (Nikon) or Tv (Canon). I don’t recommend using this mode, as you risk your images turning very dark. If you use it, at least make sure that you change the ISO to Auto-ISO.
• Manual mode requires you to dial in both the shutter speed, aperture, and ISO in a combination that balances the exposure level indicator explained above. To use Manual as your shooting mode turn the dial to M (both Nikon and Canon cameras).

Your DSLR will have a separate ISO button, which in combination with the rear or front dial wheel will allow you to control the ISO values and turn on Auto-ISO.

Where to View the Current Aperture, Shutter Speed, and ISO Values?

You can use the front and back side dials to change the values. On more advanced DSLR-models you can setup which dial controls which setting. You can read the current shutter speed, aperture, and ISO values on the top display as shown below. You can also see it in the viewfinder or on the backside LCD (using info button to activate it).

Bringing It All Together

Normally, in manual mode, you should set either the aperture or shutter speed first, depending on your priorities.

If you want to freeze motion, set the required shutter speed, and see what apertures you can use to get a balanced exposure. If it is impossible to both get a well-exposed image and a deep enough depth-of-field to have the subject in focus, you need to raise the ISO further up.

If on the other hand, getting a specific depth-of-field is important for getting the whole subject in focus, set the aperture first; and see what shutter speed you can get away with.

If the shutter speed gets too slow so you either get camera shake or subject movement, you should try increasing the ISO.

When you first switch to manual, controlling all three factors can be challenging, but with practice, you will soon get a hang of it.

Key Points To Remember About Exposure, Aperture, ISO & Shutter Speed

• Use a large aperture value, like f/2.8 or f/4 to get a shallow depth-of-field. This can help you separate your subject from the background.
• Keep the ISO as low as possible to avoid noise, unless you have a reason to raise it.
• When shooting hand-held keep remember to use a shutter speed to faster than 1/focal length in mm. If you use a 200mm focal length, shoot faster than 1/200 of a second to get sharp photos.
• You can use shutter speed creatively to capture subject movement.
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