What Do Cats Eat? (Ideal Cat Diet, Portion Size, Frequency, and Feline Nutrition Guide)

Cats are obligate carnivores, meaning they require a diet high in protein and essential amino acids, such as arginine and taurine, which are better supplied by animal food products (meat, dry cat food, wet cat food). Cats have greater endogenous nitrogen losses and higher dietary requirements for many amino acids compared to dogs, making it essential for them to consume a diet that closely resembles their natural prey.?

The taste preferences of cats play a significant role in their food selection. They are more strongly sensitive to the flavor of amino acids and nucleotides and tend to reject certain amino acids, such as l-tryptophan, while being attracted to others, such as l-glycine.

Cats have a relatively short gastrointestinal tract and lack amylase in their saliva, which means they cannot digest carbohydrates efficiently. Commercially available cat food typically contains between 28% and 55% protein, with current recommendations varying depending on a cat's age and health condition.?

The Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) recommends that cat food contains a minimum of 26% protein, with a minimum of 30% protein for growing cats or those in reproductive phases. Cats' feeding behavior includes eating small mammals, starting with the head and moving onto the body and legs, and taking time to chew the prey into digestible pieces.?

They may also cache food by burying it in a patch of dry earth or leaves as a temporary food store. For indoor cats, an ideal diet is extremely important, and overfeeding is not recommended. Even if you provide the world's best cat food, it does not matter. An excessive intake of food may result in serious health problems such as diabetes, urinary obstructions, liver disease, kidney disease, hypoglycemia, etc.

In this article, we will explore feline nutrition, including what our feline companions need and what you should feed them as an owner.

What are the Nutritional Needs of Cats?

The dietary requirements for kittens, adult cats, and senior cats vary significantly due to their different stages of life and nutritional needs.?

Kittens:

Kittens have unique nutritional requirements during their first year of life to support their growth and development. They need a complete and balanced diet that is rich in protein, essential amino acids, and other nutrients, such as taurine, choline, fat, calcium, phosphorus, DHA, vitamins, and minerals. Kitten food is designed to meet these needs, with a higher protein content (35-45%) and fat content (12-24%) compared to adult cat food. Kittens should be weaned from their mother's milk at six to eight weeks and transitioned to kitten food, which is more nutrient-dense and easier for their small stomachs to digest. It is essential to feed a quality kitten diet to provide the foundation for a healthy adulthood.?

Adult Cats:

Adult cats have different nutritional requirements than kittens. They require a diet with a moderate protein content (30-45% dry matter) and appropriate levels of fat, vitamins, and minerals. Mature adult cats may have changing dietary needs, and it is essential to guide daily feeding amounts.

Senior Cats:

Cats over 10 years of age are considered senior cats and may experience a reduction in digestive capabilities, leading to decreased body condition score (BCS) and increased caloric intake. Senior cats may benefit from a diet with higher protein levels (45-50% dry matter) to maintain lean body mass and support muscle health.?

Senior cats have specific nutritional requirements to maintain their ideal body condition and support their health. They may need a diet with a higher protein content (45-50% dry matter) and enhanced antioxidants to support their immune system, which may decline with age.?

Senior cats may also benefit from diets with higher water content, such as canned foods, to encourage water intake and maintain hydration. Additionally, senior cats may need prescription therapeutic diets for chronic kidney disease, obesity, hyperthyroidism, chronic enteropathies, and osteoarthritis.

Here are some well-balanced diet charts for cats at various life stages:

1. Kittens (0 to 6 months):

• Newborn kittens (0 to 4 weeks): 250 to 360 calories per day, every 6 to 8 hours.
• 1 to 4 months: 60 to 65 calories per pound of body weight per day, every 8 hours.
• 4 to 6 months: 60 to 65 calories per pound of body weight per day, every 8 hours.

2. Adult Cats (6 months to 12 years):

• 6 to 12 months: 60 to 65 calories per pound of body weight per day, every 8 to 12 hours.
• 1 to 12 years: 20 to 33 calories per pound of body weight per day, every 8 to 12 hours.

3. Senior Cats (12 years and older):

• 12 to 15 years: 20 to 33 calories per pound of body weight per day, every 8 to 12 hours.
• 15 years and older: 20 to 33 calories per pound of body weight per day, every 8 to 12 hours.

It is essential to provide clean water for cats, as they can conserve water more efficiently than other mammals. Additionally, cats should be fed a diet specifically formulated for their life stage, as their nutritional requirements change over time. It is recommended to consult with a veterinarian for individual dietary needs and preferences.

What do Cats Eat in the Wild?

In the wild, cats are obligatory carnivores, relying solely on a diet based on animal tissues to meet their specific nutritional requirements. The daily energy intake from crude protein for feral cats is 52%, from crude fat is 46%, and from N-free extract is only 2%.

Cats consume a wide variety of animals, including birds, small mammals, and even larger animals they cannot kill. They also scavenge carcasses and consume spoiled and wasted food left by humans. The nutrient profile of wild cats is adapted to their metabolism, which has adapted to a carnivorous lifestyle.

What Should Cats Eat in Captivity?

In captivity, cats should eat a diet that closely mimics their natural diet in the wild. This includes a high protein content, ideally from animal sources, to support muscle growth and maintenance. The protein should be supplemented with essential fatty acids for skin and coat health, and vitamins and minerals, such as taurine and vitamin E, to support overall health.?

Cats can eat a variety of cat foods, including dry cat food, wet cat food, and complementary cat foods like treats and toppers. Dry cat food is the most popular form of cat food, while wet cat food is high in moisture and suitable for cats with kidney issues or those who prefer a softer texture.?

Complementary cat foods should not be used as a sole source of nutrition but can be used to increase the nutritional content of your cat's meal. It is essential to avoid feeding your cat human foods, as they tend to be higher in calories, fat, sugars, and salt, which can be harmful to their health. Some human foods, like chocolate, onions, garlic, alcohol, grapes, and raisins, are toxic to cats and should be avoided at all costs.

What are the Different Types of Cat Food?

1. Dry cat Food

Dry cat food is a popular choice for cat owners. It is made from animal proteins and is typically low in carbohydrates, making it suitable for cats with sensitivities or allergies. Dry cat food is also convenient for pet owners as it does not require refrigeration and can be stored for extended periods. When deciding how much food to give your cat, refer to the guidelines provided by the cat food brand on the packaging. Look for the table that matches your cat's weight to determine the recommended amount of food.?

Divide this quantity into multiple portions based on how many times you feed your cat each day. Remember, even if you're feeding high-quality cat food, overfeeding can lead to various health issues, ranging from mild ones like vomiting and diarrhea to severe conditions like urinary obstruction, kidney disease, and diabetes. It's crucial to adhere to the feeding instructions on the cat food packaging or seek advice from your veterinarian to ensure your cat's health and well-being.

2. Wet Cat Food:

Wet cat food is another option for cat owners. It is high in moisture, making it suitable for cats with kidney issues or those who prefer a softer texture. Wet cat food is also a good choice for cats who are picky eaters or need additional hydration in their diet. Wet cat food offers several advantages for cat owners, particularly for cats with specific health conditions or preferences.?

One of the most significant benefits of wet cat food is its high moisture content. Many cats have a low-level thirst drive due to their desert-dwelling ancestors, which can lead to insufficient hydration. Wet cat food has a moisture level about seven times higher than typical dry food, making it an excellent choice for cats that need to increase their water intake, such as those with urinary tract diseases like kidney disease, urinary crystals, or cystitis.?

Wet cat food is also rich in protein, which is essential for cats as they are obligate carnivores. High-protein diets are beneficial for maintaining lean body mass and managing diabetes mellitus. Additionally, wet food is generally lower in calories compared to dry food, which can help cats maintain a healthy weight and promote a longer, healthier life.?

However, wet cat food has some drawbacks. It is more expensive than dry food due to the extra water content, making it less nutrient-dense. Wet food is also more perishable and requires refrigeration after opening, which can be inconvenient for cats that prefer to nibble throughout the day.?

In terms of quantity, an average adult cat would usually need around 4-5 ounces or 115-140 grams of wet food per day, but the amounts recommended are always approximate. The appropriate portion size can vary depending on the cat's weight, age, health, and activity level. For example, kittens require more food per pound of body weight than adult cats, while senior cats need less food as they get older.

3. Treats:?

Complementary cat foods, such as treats or toppers, are supplementary foods that can be added to your cat's meal to increase its nutritional value. These foods should not be used as a sole source of nutrition but can be used to provide additional vitamins, minerals, or flavor to your cat's meal.?

4. Gluten-free and grain-free cat foods

Gluten-free and grain-free cat foods are options for cats with sensitivities or allergies to gluten or grains. These diets can be beneficial for cats with inflammatory bowel disease or other digestive issues. However, it is essential to consult with your veterinarian before making any significant changes to your cat's diet to ensure their nutritional needs are being met.

What Human Foods Cats Can Eat and Can Not Eat?

Cats can eat a variety of human foods, but it is essential to be cautious and consult with a veterinarian before introducing new foods into their diet. Some human foods that are safe for cats include:

1. Meats: Chicken and turkey, cooked without skin or bones, are high in protein and relatively low in calories. Fish, such as salmon, cod, and tuna, can be served cooked with the skin and bones removed, as long as they are not overfed and are not the only source of protein in the cat's diet.
2. Fruits: Apples, bananas, pears, and berries can be given in small amounts, but ensure they are washed thoroughly and the seeds are removed.
3. Vegetables: Cats can eat some vegetables, such as carrots, cucumbers, celery, green beans, lettuce, and broccoli, in small amounts.
4. Dairy: Some cats can tolerate small amounts of cheese, cottage cheese, or yogurt, but many are lactose intolerant and may develop digestive issues.
5. Eggs: Cooked eggs without spices or butter can be given to cats in small amounts.

However, there are also many human foods that cats should not eat, including:

1. Chocolate: Chocolate contains theobromine, which is toxic to cats and can cause tremors, seizures, and death.
2. Nuts: Macadamia nuts and walnuts can cause digestive issues and muscle weakness in cats.
3. Caffeine: Caffeine is found in coffee, tea, and other products and can be toxic to cats.
4. Dairy products: Milk, yogurt, and other dairy products can cause digestive issues in cats, especially those with lactose intolerance.
5. Alcohol: Alcohol and alcohol-containing products can cause serious health issues in cats.
6. Raw meat or fish: Raw meat and fish can contain bacteria that can make cats sick.
7. Coconut milk: Coconut milk can cause digestive issues and other health problems in cats.
8. Xylitol: Xylitol is a sweetener found in sugar-free gum, cookies, peanut butter, and toothpaste, and it can be toxic to cats.
9. Raw dough: Raw dough can expand in a cat's stomach, causing discomfort and potentially leading to serious health issues.
10. Onions, chives, and garlic: These common flavoring ingredients can cause anemia and other health issues in cats.

While it's tempting to share human foods with your cat, it's essential to be cautious and consult with a veterinarian before introducing new foods into their diet. Human foods should be given as an occasional treat.

Feeding Schedule and Portion Control

Cats have different nutritional needs at different life stages, and their feeding schedule and portion control are crucial for their overall health. Here are some guidelines based on research articles and scholarly studies:

1. Frequency: Cats should eat at least twice daily, with a 12-hour gap between meals. This helps maintain a consistent feeding routine and prevents overeating.
2. Automatic feeders: Automatic feeders can be helpful in maintaining feeding routines and portion control for cats. These feeders can be programmed to dispense specific amounts of food at regular intervals, ensuring that cats receive a consistent and balanced diet.
3. Free feeding: Free feeding, where cats have access to food throughout the day, is not recommended. Free feeding can lead to overeating, obesity, and health issues such as dental problems, diabetes, and joint problems.
4. Feeding times: It is essential to establish a regular feeding schedule and stick to it, as cats are creatures of habit and may develop digestive issues if their feeding routine is disrupted.
5. Portion control: Ensuring proper portion control is crucial for maintaining a healthy weight and preventing obesity in cats. Overfeeding can lead to health problems such as joint issues, diabetes, and heart disease.
6. Consult a veterinarian: If you have any concerns about your cat's feeding schedule or portion control, it is always best to consult with a veterinarian for personalized advice.

Allergies and Intolerances

Cats can develop allergies or intolerances to certain ingredients in their diet, which may require dietary adjustments. Here are some common allergens and intolerances in cats, based on research articles and scholarly studies:

1. Gluten intolerance: Some cats may have a gluten intolerance, which requires them to be fed a gluten-free diet. Gluten is a protein found in grains like wheat, barley, and rye, and can cause digestive issues and skin problems in cats with gluten intolerance.
2. Food allergies: Cats can develop allergies to specific ingredients, such as chicken, beef, dairy, fish, and eggs. These allergies can cause symptoms like itching, skin irritation, vomiting, and diarrhea. In such cases, dietary adjustments may be necessary to eliminate the allergen and provide an alternative source of nutrients.
3. Food intolerances: Some cats may have intolerances to certain ingredients, such as lactose in dairy products. These intolerances can cause digestive issues like bloating, gas, and diarrhea. In such cases, it may be necessary to switch to lactose-free cat food or provide alternative sources of calcium and other essential nutrients.

It is essential to consult with a veterinarian if you suspect your cat has an allergy or intolerance. A veterinarian can help diagnose the issue and provide guidance on appropriate dietary adjustments to ensure your cat's overall health and well-being.

Additional Considerations

In addition to the nutritional requirements and considerations for cats, there are a few more factors to consider when feeding your feline friend. Here are some additional considerations based on research articles and scholarly studies:

1. Portion control: Ensure that cats do not overeat at one sitting, as this can cause discomfort and slower digestion. Overeating can also lead to health issues like obesity, joint problems, and diabetes.
2. Feeding routine: Maintaining a consistent feeding schedule helps cats cope with changes and transitions. Cats are creatures of habit, and a regular feeding routine can help them feel secure and comfortable.
3. Veterinary guidance: Consult a veterinarian for advice on dietary needs based on your cat's health and age. A veterinarian can help you choose the right cat food, taking into account your cat's specific nutritional requirements and any potential allergies or intolerances.
4. Hydration: Ensure that your cat has access to clean water at all times. Cats are more likely to drink water that is fresh and available in a clean container.
5. Dental health: Choose cat food that supports dental health, as dental issues can lead to other health problems. Wet food and dental-specific cat food can help maintain dental health.
6. Transitioning to a new diet: When transitioning your cat to a new diet, do so gradually throughout 7 to 10 days. This helps your cat adjust to the new food and reduces the risk of digestive issues.
7. Environmental enrichment: Provide your cat with toys, scratching posts, and other forms of environmental enrichment to stimulate their natural behaviors and promote overall well-being.

By considering these factors and working with a veterinarian, you can ensure that your cat receives a balanced and nutritious diet that supports their health and well-being.