What is detergent? Types of Detergents with compound. Different between detergent and soap.
M.H. Shimul
Hameem Group | Windy Group | Must Group | Elegant Group | R&D, Development and production | Washing Technician | Textile Engineer(PAU), MBA(JNU), PGD-GB(IBA-DU)
Detergents are synthetic surfactants, typically derived from petroleum sources. They are used in various cleaning products due to their ability to emulsify oils and hold dirt in suspension. Here are the details of the types of detergents, along with examples of chemical compounds used in their formulation:
Types of Detergents
1. Anionic Detergents
2. Cationic Detergents
3. Nonionic Detergents
4. Zwitterionic (Amphoteric) Detergents
1. Anionic Detergents
Anionic detergents carry a negative charge on their hydrophilic end, which enhances their ability to remove dirt and grease.
Example Compounds:
? - Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS): CH3(CH2)11OSO3Na
??? - Structure: Linear alkyl chain attached to a sulfate group.
? - Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate (SDBS): C12H25C6H4SO3Na
??? - Structure: Linear alkylbenzene attached to a sulfonate group.
2. Cationic Detergents
Cationic detergents carry a positive charge and are commonly used as fabric softeners and disinfectants.
Example Compounds:
-????????? Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide (CTAB): C19H42BrN
-????????? Structure: Long alkyl chain attached to a quaternary ammonium group.
-????????? Benzalkonium Chloride (BAC): C6H5CH2N(CH3)2RCl (R = C8 to C18 alkyl group)
-????????? Structure: Benzyl group attached to a quaternary ammonium group.
3. Nonionic Detergents
Nonionic detergents do not carry any charge and are often used in household cleaning products due to their mildness and effective grease removal.
Example Compounds:
-????????? Polyethylene Glycol (PEG): (C2H4O)nH2O
-????????? Structure: Repeating ethylene oxide units.
-????????? Alkyl Polyglucosides (APG): C8H17C6H11O6
-????????? Structure: Alkyl chain attached to a glucose unit.
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4. Zwitterionic (Amphoteric) Detergents
Zwitterionic detergents contain both positive and negative charges, making them effective in a range of pH conditions. They are used in personal care products like shampoos and body washes.
Example Compounds:
-????????? Cocamidopropyl Betaine (CAPB): C19H38N2O3
-????????? Structure: Derived from coconut oil, has both an amine and a carboxylate group.
-????????? Lauryl Betaine: C16H33NO2
-????????? Structure: Alkyl chain attached to a betaine group.
Functions of Detergents
Detergents play an important role in the garments industry, serving multiple functions that ensure the cleanliness, maintenance and quality of textiles. Here are the primary functions and uses of detergents in the garments industry:
1. Dirty & oil Removal:
?? - Detergents emulsify oils and hold dirt in suspension, allowing it to be rinsed away with water.
?? - They break down grease and organic stains into smaller particles that can be easily removed.
2. Wetting Agents:
?? - Reduce surface tension of water, allowing it to spread and penetrate fabrics more effectively.
?? - Enhance the wettability of textiles, improving the efficiency of the washing process.
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4. Stain Removal:
?? - Specific components in detergents target and break down various types of stains, such as proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.
?? - Enzymes (like proteases, lipases, and amylases) are often added to target specific stains.
5. Softening Fabric:
?? - Some detergents contain fabric softening agents that reduce fabric stiffness and enhance feel.
?? - Help maintain the softness and pliability of the fabric.
6. Brightening Fabric:
? ?Optical brighteners are added to detergents to make fabrics appear whiter and brighter by absorbing UV light and re-emitting it as visible blue light. Maintain the visual appeal of textiles.
?
Uses of Detergents in the Garments Industry
1. Pre-treatment of Fabrics:
?? - Removing natural impurities, oils, and waxes from raw fabrics before dyeing and finishing processes.
?? - Ensuring that the fabric is clean and ready for further processing.
2. Desizing:
?? - Removing size (starch or synthetic polymers) from woven fabrics to ensure even dyeing and finishing.
?? - Essential for improving the absorbency of the fabric.
3. Scouring:
?? - Deep cleaning of fabric to remove natural and added impurities, such as oils, fats, and waxes.
?? - Ensuring that the fabric is thoroughly clean for subsequent processes like dyeing.
4. Bleaching:
?? - Preparing fabric for dyeing by removing natural color impurities.
?? - Achieving a uniform base color for more accurate and consistent dyeing.
5. Dyeing:
?? - Ensuring that fabrics are uniformly clean for consistent dye uptake.
?? - Preventing dyeing defects caused by residual oils or impurities.
6. Finishing:
?? - Providing the final touch to the fabric, including softening, enhancing texture, and improving overall feel.
?? - Adding special finishes like water repellency or flame retardancy.
7. Laundry:
?? - Regular washing and maintenance of garments to remove dirt, sweat, and stains.
?? - Ensuring garments remain clean, hygienic, and in good condition for extended use.
?Examples of some Detergents Used in the Garments Industry:
- Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS): Commonly used for its strong cleaning and foaming properties.
- Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate (SDBS): Widely used in industrial laundry detergents.
- Nonionic Detergents (e.g., Alkyl Polyglucosides): Used for gentle cleaning, especially in delicate fabrics.
-? Enzyme-based Detergents: Incorporate enzymes to break down specific stains, enhancing cleaning efficiency.
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Comparison between Detergent and soap
Detergents, synthetic surfactants primarily derived from petroleum sources, play a crucial role in the garments industry due to their versatile cleaning properties. They can be categorized into four main types: anionic, cationic, nonionic, and zwitterion (amphoteric) detergents, each with distinct chemical structures and functions.
Their strong cleaning properties, while enzyme-based detergents are incorporated to target specific stains, enhancing cleaning efficiency. Overall, detergents ensure the cleanliness, maintenance, and quality of textiles, contributing to the extended use and aesthetic appeal of garments. Their ability to perform diverse functions, from removing soils and preventing re-deposition to enhancing fabric properties, underscores their indispensable role in the textile and garments industry.