We need new cities that are climate friendly

“When China needs new places for people to live, they just build a new city. They’ve built 600 of them since 1949” wrote Nathan J. Robinson last month in the Current Affairs magazine, of which he is the Editor-in-Chief.

Robinson was putting forward an argument to solve for California’s housing and homelessness crisis that has overwhelmed the west coast state over the past two decades.?

There shouldn’t be a housing crisis in California, he states. “It’s not like California is full—the state’s land is vast and mostly sparsely populated. There are enough homeless people in California (160,000) to populate an entire city of their own.”

I found this reading of the Californian situation both apt and comparable to the South African experience. Though the causes and the intricacies of each differ, the problem is the same and thus the solution must be the same.

Tragic events over the past week – the floods in KwaZulu Natal and the fire in Langa, Cape Town – again bring into light the question of spatial planning. South Africa is plagued by systemic governance challenges in both urban and rural development and planning. And these are not mutually exclusive tasks. Instead, the success of one depends on the success of the other.

There is pattern within government whereby action is only taken in response to consequences of a problem, instead of addressing the cause. It is the converse of the adage “prevention is better is better than cure.”

Take the Linga fire as an example. 260 structures were destroyed, affecting 767 individuals. I was on the ground on Easter Monday to assess the matter and to provide immediate relief for affected individuals and became aware of deeply unsettling truth.

The most stressful thing for these almost 800 displaced people was not the loss of their dwelling or their personal belongings. Instead, the most stressful thing was to make sure no one else would come and erect a shack on the small piece of land their shack was erected on before the fire. People would stand guarding their land all night, pointing to a more complex problem facing government.?

The reality is that net urban migration into cities is caused by two factors. One, almost non-existent rural development – economically and socially - and two, the absence of new, functional cities across the country.?

This means cities like Cape Town and eThekwini cannot provide enough adequate basic services to a moving target of residents. This results in too many people living on the periphery of cities as a sort of “nonresident” of that city.?

Like California, we have a high concentration of people within a few cities. This affects every resident, but disproportionally affects poor residents.?

In his 2019 State of the Nation Address (SONA), President Ramaphosa said that South Africa has not built a new city since the dawn of democracy and the time has arrived time to think about building a "smart city”. He was partially correct. But his solution is much like putting a band aid on a bullet wound.?

We don’t need to think about it. And we don’t need just one. Innovation-driven thinking about the future requires building many new cities for the future. China is the example of this, Robinson alludes to. In the next 10 years, we should be doubling the number of metros from 8 to 16. I can suggest 8 right now: George, Kimberley, Mahikeng, Polokwane, Nelspruit, Pietermaritzburg, Welkom, Mthatha.?

In doing this, you de-densify current cities and alleviate pressure, create new economic opportunity, and pave the way for changes to the economic and the world of work.

Take for example Nelspruit in Mpumalanga. The province’s economy is highly dependent on coal production which provides many thousands of jobs. As we move away from coal towards a greener, more sustainable energy mix, forward thinking needs to consider how new jobs – with transferable skills – are created in the province. A move from linear thinking to lateral thinking about cities and local economies is required.?

In addition to this, focus needs to be redirected to getting the basics right in both urban and rural development as it stands.?

Firstly, more concise, bespoke urbanization plans for our existing cities are required. A national Ministry of Cities should be established to oversee this process

Secondly, rethinking of spatial planning in existing cities to build smart cities that are work, live and play areas. There are pockets of certain cities that have got this right, and we should learn from best practice as how best to reproduce this success.?

Thirdly, a more conscious approach to rural development. It is true that not every South African will live in a city. However, there often is no choice for many living in rural areas. Where people are not working, the invisible hand of the economy pushing them into cities to find work and sustain a livelihood. Meaningful rural development can address this.?

And finally, local law enforcement needs to step and apply the law without fear or favour. The moving target phenomenon will continue so long as land invasions are allowed, and densely populated informal settlements are built in contravention of by-laws.?

If we get the basics right, coupled with aggressive focus on building new cities and rural development, we will avoid the tragedies that are witnessed year in and year out. Sadly, this isn’t the first fire in a city’s overcrowded informal settlement, and it certainly won’t be the last. In seeking solutions, emphasis ought to be on prevention instead of cure.?

More importantly, this approach will develop and grow our economy, it will respect and uphold the dignity of citizens, and will help break down the walls of ignorance that still exist between the haves and the have nots in our country’s major cities.