WATER QUALITY-Physical Properties of Water- Part 7

We live on a planet that is dominated by water. More than 70 % of the Earth's surface is covered with it. Scientists estimate that the?hydrosphere?contains about 1.36 billion cubic kilometers of this substance mostly in the form of a liquid that occupies topographic depressions on the Earth.

Water is also essential for life. Water is the major constituent of almost all life forms. Most animals and plants contain more than 60 % water by volume. Without water life would probably never have developed on our planet.

Water has a very simple atomic structure. This structure consists of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom. The nature of the atomic structure of water causes its molecules to have unique electrochemical properties. The hydrogen side of the water molecule has a slight positive charge . On the other side of the molecule a negative charge exists. This molecular polarity causes water to be a powerful solvent and is responsible for its strong?surface tension?

The atomic structure of a water molecule consists of two hydrogen (H) atoms joined to one oxygen (O) atom. The unique way in which the hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom causes one side of the molecule to have a negative charge and the area in the opposite direction to have a positive charge. The resulting polarity of charge causes molecules of water to be attracted to each other forming strong molecular bonds.

When water makes a physical?phase change?its molecules arrange themselves in distinctly different patterns . The pattern taken by water when its is frozen causes its volume to expand and its density to decrease. Expansion of water at freezing allows ice to float on top of liquid water.

The three diagrams above illustrate the distinct patterns of molecular arrangement in water when it changes its physical state from ice to water to gas. When water is frozen its molecules arrange themselves in a particular highly organized rigid geometric pattern that causes the mass of water to expand and to decrease in density. The diagram above shows a slice through a mass of ice that is one molecule wide. In the liquid phase, water molecules arrange themselves into small groups of joined particles. The fact that these arrangements are small allows liquid water to move and flow. Water in the form of a gas is highly charged with energy. This high energy state causes the molecules to be always moving reducing the likelihood of bonds between individual molecules from forming.

Water has several other unique physical properties. These properties are:

• Water has a high?specific heat. Specific heat is the amount of energy required to change the temperature of a substance. Because water has a high specific heat, it can absorb large amounts of heat energy before it begins to get hot. It also means that water releases heat energy slowly when situations cause it to cool. Water's high specific heat allows for the moderation of the Earth's climate and helps organisms regulate their body temperature more effectively.
• Water in a pure state has a neutral?pH. As a result, pure water is neither?acidic?nor?basic. Water changes its pH when substances are dissolved in it. Rain has a naturally acidic pH of about 5.6 because it contains natural derived carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide.
• Water?conducts?heat more easily than any liquid except mercury. This fact causes large bodies of liquid water like lakes and oceans to have essentially a uniform vertical temperature profile.
• Water exists as a liquid over an important range of temperature from 0 - 100° Celsius. This range allows water to remain as a liquid in most places on the Earth.
• Liquid water is a universal?solvent. It is able to dissolve a large number of different chemical compounds. This feature also enables water to carry solvent nutrients in?runoff,?infiltration,?groundwater flow, and living organisms.
• Water has a high?surface tension?. In other words, water is adhesive and elastic, and tends to aggregate in drops rather than spread out over a surface as a thin film. This phenomenon also causes water to stick to the sides of vertical structures despite gravity's downward pull. Water's high surface tension allows for the formation of water droplets and waves, allows plants to move water (and dissolved nutrients) from their roots to their leaves, and the movement of blood through tiny vessels in the bodies of some animals.

The Figure shows how the water molecules are attracted to each other to create high surface tension. This property can cause water to exist as an extensive thin film over solid surfaces. In the example above, the film is two layers of water molecules thick.

The adhesive bonding property of water molecules allows for the formation of water droplets .

• Water is the only substance on Earth that exists in all three?physical states of matter:?solid,?liquid,?and?gas. Incorporated in the changes of state are massive amounts of heat exchange. This feature plays an important role in the redistribution of heat energy in the Earth's atmosphere. In terms of heat being transferred into the atmosphere, approximately 3/4's of this process is accomplished by the evaporation and condensation of water.
• The freezing of water causes it to expand. When water freezes it expands rapidly adding about 9 % by volume. Fresh water has a maximum density at around 4° Celsius . Water is the only substance on this planet where the maximum density of its mass does not occur when it becomes solidified.

Density of water at various temperatures.