Various toxic industrial wastewater treatment methods!
Toxic and harmful industrial wastewater treatment
Industrial wastewater contains many toxic and harmful substances, which not only pollutes the environment, but also endangers human health. Its treatment has always been a focus of attention. Industrial wastewater is divided into phenol-containing wastewater, mercury-containing wastewater, oil-containing wastewater, heavy metal wastewater, cyanide-containing wastewater, Papermaking industry wastewater, printing and dyeing wastewater, chemical industry wastewater, metallurgical wastewater, acid-base wastewater, etc. These types of wastewater are treated differently. The treatment methods of different industrial wastewater are also different. The following Shuilangu Technology has carried out the treatment methods for these types of industrial wastewater. Sort it out, let's take a look at it.
Industrial wastewater refers to the wastewater, sewage and waste liquid produced in the industrial production process, which contains industrial production materials, intermediate products and products that are lost with the water, and pollutants generated in the production process. With the rapid development of industrial technology, the types and quantities of wastewater have increased rapidly, and the pollution of water bodies has become increasingly widespread and serious, threatening human health and safety. Therefore, for the protection of the environment, the treatment of industrial wastewater is more important than the treatment of urban sewage.
Industrial wastewater contains different pollutants and its treatment methods are also different. Langu Technology has compiled some of the industrial wastewater treatment methods, let's take a look.
What are the hazards of phenol-containing wastewater and how to deal with it?
Phenol-containing wastewater mainly comes from industrial sectors such as coking plants, gas plants, petrochemical plants, insulating material plants, and the production process of petroleum cracking to produce ethylene, synthetic phenol, polyamide fibers, synthetic dyes, organic pesticides and phenolic resins. Phenol-containing wastewater mainly contains phenol-based compounds, such as phenol, cresol, xylenol and nitrocresol. Phenol-based compounds are a kind of protoplasmic poison that can coagulate proteins.
When the mass concentration of phenol in the water reaches 0.1-0.2mg/L, the fish will have peculiar smell and cannot be eaten: increasing the mass concentration to 1mg/L will affect the spawning of fish, and if the phenol content is 5-10mg/L, the fish will be large death. Phenol in drinking water can affect human health. Even if the mass concentration of phenol in water is only 0.002mg/L, disinfection with chlorine will produce chlorophenol stench.
Usually, the phenol-containing wastewater with a mass concentration of 1000 mg/L is called high-concentration phenol-containing wastewater. This kind of wastewater must be recycled after phenol is processed. Phenol-containing wastewater with a mass concentration of less than 1000mg/L is called low-concentration phenol-containing wastewater. Usually this kind of waste water is recycled and phenol is concentrated and recycled for treatment. Methods of recovering phenol include solvent extraction, steam stripping, adsorption, and closed loop methods. Wastewater with a mass concentration of phenol below 300 mg/L can be treated by biological oxidation, chemical oxidation, physical and chemical oxidation and other methods before being discharged or recycled.
How to treat mercury-containing wastewater and what are the characteristics of mercury-containing compounds?
The mercury-containing wastewater mainly comes from non-ferrous metal smelters, chemical plants, pesticide plants, paper mills, dye plants and thermal instrumentation plants. Methods to remove inorganic mercury from wastewater include sulfide precipitation, chemical coagulation, activated carbon adsorption, metal reduction, ion exchange, and microbiological methods. Generally, alkaline mercury-containing wastewater is usually treated by chemical coagulation method or sulfide precipitation method. Acidic mercury-containing wastewater can be treated by metal reduction. Low-concentration mercury-containing wastewater can be treated by activated carbon adsorption, chemical coagulation or activated sludge. Organic mercury wastewater is more difficult to treat. Generally, organic mercury is oxidized to inorganic mercury and then treated.
What are the characteristics of oily wastewater and how to treat it?
Oily wastewater mainly comes from industrial sectors such as petroleum, petrochemicals, iron and steel, coking, gas generating stations, and mechanical processing. For oily pollutants in wastewater, the relative density of heavy tar is less than 1.1 except for heavy tar.
Oily substances usually exist in three states in wastewater. (1) The oil floats, and the particle size of the oil droplets is greater than 100μm, which is easy to separate from the wastewater. (2) Dispersed oil. The particle size of the oil droplets is between 10 and 100 μm, and they float in water. (3) Emulsified oil. The particle size of the oil droplets is less than 10μm, which is not easy to separate from the wastewater. Because the oil concentration in wastewater discharged from different industrial sectors is very different, such as wastewater generated in the oil refining process, the oil content is about 150-1000 mg/L, the tar content in the coking wastewater is about 500-800 mg/L, and the waste water discharged from the gas generating station The tar content can reach 2000-3000mg/L.
What are the sources of heavy metal wastewater and its treatment principles?
Heavy metal wastewater mainly comes from wastewater discharged from mining, smelting, electrolysis, electroplating, pesticides, medicine, paint, pigments and other enterprises. The type, content and existing form of heavy metals in wastewater vary with different manufacturers. Since heavy metals cannot be decomposed and destroyed, they can only transfer their location and change their physical and chemical forms.
For example, after chemical precipitation treatment, the heavy metals in the wastewater change from the dissolved ion form to the insoluble compounds and precipitate and transfer from the water to the sludge: After the ion exchange treatment, the heavy metal ions in the wastewater are transferred to the ions On the exchange resin, after regeneration, it is transferred from the ion exchange resin to the regeneration waste liquid. Therefore, the principles of heavy metal wastewater treatment are: first, the most fundamental thing is to reform the production process, avoid or use less toxic heavy metals, and secondly adopt reasonable process, scientific management and operation to reduce the amount of heavy metals and the amount of waste water lost. Minimize the amount of wastewater discharged outside.
How to treat cyanide-containing wastewater?
Cyanide-containing wastewater mainly comes from electroplating, gas, coking, metallurgy, metal processing, chemical fiber, plastics, pesticides, and chemical industries. Cyanide-containing wastewater is a highly toxic industrial wastewater, which is unstable in water and easier to decompose. Both inorganic cyanide and organic cyanide are highly toxic substances, and human ingestion can cause acute poisoning. The lethal dose of cyanide to human body is 0.18, potassium cyanide is 0.12g, and the mass concentration of cyanide to fish in water is 0.04 to 0.1mg/L.
Cyanide-containing wastewater treatment measures mainly include: (1) Reform the process to reduce or eliminate the cyanide-containing wastewater discharged from the outside. If the non-cyanide electroplating method is adopted, the industrial wastewater of the electroplating workshop can be eliminated. (2) Wastewater with high cyanide content should be recycled, and wastewater with low cyanide content should be purified before being discharged. Recovery methods include acidification aeration-lye absorption method, steam desorption method and so on. Treatment methods include alkaline chlorination method, electrolytic oxidation method, pressurized hydrolysis method, biochemical method, biological iron method, ferrous sulfate method, air stripping method, etc. Among them, the alkaline chlorination method is widely used, and the ferrous sulfate method is incomplete and unstable. The air blow-off method pollutes the atmosphere and the effluent does not meet the emission standards, so it is rarely used.
Heavy metal wastewater should be treated on-site at the place where it is produced, and mixed with other wastewater to avoid complicating the treatment. Moreover, it should not be discharged directly into urban sewers without treatment, so as not to expand heavy metal pollution. The treatment of heavy metal wastewater can generally be divided into two categories: one is to convert the heavy metals in the dissolved state of the wastewater into insoluble metal compounds or elements, which are removed from the wastewater by precipitation and floating. Applicable methods such as neutralization precipitation, Sulfide precipitation method, floating separation method, electrolytic precipitation (or floating) method, diaphragm electrolysis method, etc.: The second is to concentrate and separate heavy metals in wastewater without changing their chemical form. The applicable methods include reverse osmosis. , Electrodialysis, evaporation and ion exchange, etc. These methods should be used alone or in combination according to the wastewater quality and water volume.
Therefore, the treatment of oily wastewater should first use an oil trap to recover slick oil or heavy oil. The treatment efficiency is 60% to 80%, and the oil content in the effluent is about 100 to 200 mg/L. Emulsified oil and dispersed oil in wastewater are more difficult. Therefore, the emulsification phenomenon should be prevented or reduced. One of the methods is to reduce the emulsification of oil in the wastewater during the production process. The second is to minimize the number of pumps to lift the wastewater during the treatment process to avoid increasing the degree of emulsification. The treatment method usually adopts air flotation method and demulsification method.
What are the characteristics of pesticide wastewater and its treatment methods?
There are many varieties of pesticides, and the quality of pesticide wastewater is complicated. Its main characteristics are (1) high pollutant concentration, chemical oxygen demand (COD) can reach tens of thousands of mg per liter; (2) high toxicity, except for pesticides and intermediates in wastewater In vitro, it also contains toxic substances such as phenol, arsenic and mercury, as well as many substances that are difficult to degrade: (3) It has foul smell and is irritating to human respiratory tract and mucous membranes; (4) Water quality and volume are unstable. Therefore, the pollution of pesticide wastewater to the environment is very serious. The purpose of pesticide wastewater treatment is to reduce the concentration of pollutants in pesticide production wastewater, increase recycling rate, and strive to achieve harmlessness.
Pesticide wastewater treatment methods include activated carbon adsorption method, wet oxidation method, solvent extraction method, distillation method and activated sludge method. However, the development of new pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residues is the direction of pesticide development. Some countries have banned the production of organic chlorine and organic mercury pesticides such as BHC and actively researched and used microbial pesticides. This is a new way to fundamentally prevent environmental pollution by pesticide wastewater.
What are the characteristics of food industry wastewater pollution and its treatment methods?
The food industry has a wide range of raw materials and a wide variety of products, and the amount and quality of wastewater discharged vary greatly. The main pollutants in the wastewater include (1) solid substances floating in the wastewater, such as vegetable leaves, peels, minced meat, poultry feathers, etc.; (2) substances suspended in the wastewater include oil, protein, starch, colloidal substances, etc.; ( 3) Acids, alkalis, salts, sugars, etc. dissolved in wastewater: (4) Mud, sand and other organic matter entrained in raw materials; (5) Pathogenic bacteria, etc. Food industry wastewater is characterized by high content of organic matter and suspended matter, perishable, and generally no large toxicity. The main harm is to make the water body eutrophication, causing the death of aquatic animals and fish, and promoting the organic matter deposited on the bottom to produce odor, worsening the water quality and polluting the environment.
In addition to proper pretreatment according to the characteristics of water quality, wastewater treatment in the food industry should generally adopt biological treatment. If the effluent quality is very high or the content of organic matter in the wastewater is very high, a two-stage aeration tank or a two-stage biological filter, or a multi-stage biological turntable can be used. Or a combination of two biological treatment devices can also be used anaerobic -Aerobic series connection.
How to treat wastewater from the papermaking industry?
Papermaking wastewater mainly comes from the two production processes of pulping and papermaking in the papermaking industry. Pulping is to separate the fibers from plant raw materials into a slurry, and then bleach; papermaking is to dilute, shape, squeeze, and dry the slurry to make paper. Both processes discharge a large amount of waste water. Wastewater from pulping is the most polluted. The wastewater discharged from pulp washing is dark brown, called black water. The concentration of pollutants in the black water is very high. The BOD is as high as 5-40g/L, and it contains a lot of fiber, inorganic salts and pigments. The wastewater discharged from the bleaching process also contains a large amount of acid and alkali substances. The waste water discharged from the paper machine is called white water, which contains a large amount of fibers and fillers and rubber materials added during the production process.
The treatment of wastewater from the papermaking industry should focus on increasing the recycling water rate, reducing water consumption and wastewater discharge, and actively exploring various reliable, economical and capable of making full use of useful resources in wastewater treatment methods. For example, the flotation method can recover fibrous solids in white water, the recovery rate can reach 95%, and the clarified water can be reused; the combustion method can recover sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfide, sodium sulfate and other sodium salts combined with organic matter in black water. Neutralization method adjusts the pH value of wastewater; coagulation sedimentation or flotation method can remove suspended solids in wastewater; chemical precipitation method can decolorize; biological treatment method can remove BOD, which is more effective for kraft paper wastewater; wet oxidation method is more effective for sulfite pulp wastewater treatment success. In addition, treatment methods such as reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, and electrodialysis are also used at home and abroad.
How to treat wastewater from printing and dyeing industry?
The printing and dyeing industry consumes a lot of water, usually 100 to 200 tons of water per 1 ton of textiles during the printing and dyeing process. 80% to 90% of it is discharged as printing and dyeing wastewater. Commonly used treatment methods include recycling and harmless treatment.
Recycling: (1) Waste water can be recycled and reused according to water quality characteristics, such as the diversion of bleaching and smelting wastewater and dyeing and printing wastewater. The former can be washed by convection. One water is used for multiple purposes, reducing emissions; (2) Lye recycling, usually used Evaporation method recovery, if the amount of lye is large, it can be recovered by three-effect evaporation, while the amount of lye is small, it can be recovered by thin film evaporation; (3) Dye recovery. For example, Shihlin dye can be acidified into cryptopic acid, which is colloidal particles. Suspended in the residue The liquid is recovered and reused after precipitation and filtration.
The harmless treatment can be divided into: (1) The physical treatment methods include precipitation method and adsorption method. The precipitation method mainly removes suspended solids in wastewater; the adsorption method mainly removes dissolved pollutants and decolorization in wastewater. (2) Chemical treatment methods include neutralization method, coagulation method and oxidation method. The neutralization method is to adjust the acidity and alkalinity of the wastewater, and it can also reduce the chromaticity of the wastewater; the coagulation method is to remove the disperse dyes and colloidal substances in the wastewater; the oxidation method is to oxidize the reducing substances in the wastewater to precipitate the sulfur dyes and vat dyes. (3) Biological treatment methods include activated sludge, biological turntable, biological rotary drum and biological contact oxidation method. In order to improve the quality of effluent water, it is often necessary to adopt several methods for joint treatment to meet discharge standards or recycling requirements.
How to treat dye production wastewater?
Dye production wastewater contains acids, alkalis, salts, halogens, hydrocarbons, amines, nitro compounds, dyes and their intermediates, and some also contain pyridine, cyanide, phenol, benzidine, and heavy metals such as mercury, cadmium, and chromium. These wastewater components are complex, toxic, and difficult to treat. Therefore, the treatment of dye production wastewater should select appropriate treatment methods according to the characteristics of the wastewater and its discharge requirements. For example: to remove solid impurities and inorganic substances, coagulation and filtration methods can be used; to remove organic and toxic substances, chemical oxidation, biological methods and reverse osmosis methods are mainly used; decolorization can generally use coagulation and adsorption processes. In the process, the ion exchange method can be used to remove heavy metals.
How to treat chemical industry wastewater?
The chemical industry wastewater mainly comes from the production wastewater discharged from the petrochemical industry, coal chemical industry, acid-base industry, fertilizer industry, plastic industry, pharmaceutical industry, dye industry, and rubber industry. The main measures for the prevention and control of chemical wastewater pollution are: First, the production process and equipment should be reformed, pollutants should be reduced, wastewater should be prevented from being discharged, and comprehensive utilization and recycling should be carried out; the treatment level of wastewater that must be discharged should be selected according to the water quality and requirements.
The primary treatment mainly separates suspended solids, colloids, slick oil or heavy oil in the water. Methods such as water quality and quantity adjustment, natural precipitation, floating and oil separation can be used. The secondary treatment is mainly to remove the biodegradable organic dissolved matter and part of colloids, and reduce the biochemical oxygen demand and part of the chemical oxygen demand in the wastewater, usually by biological treatment. A considerable amount of COD remains in the biologically treated wastewater, sometimes with high color, smell, and taste, or because of high environmental sanitation standards, it needs to be further purified by a tertiary treatment method. The tertiary treatment is mainly to remove organic pollutants and soluble inorganic pollutants that are difficult to biodegrade in wastewater. Commonly used methods are activated carbon adsorption method and ozone oxidation method, ion exchange and membrane separation technology can also be used. Various chemical industrial wastewater can be treated with different treatment methods according to different water quality, water volume and external drainage quality requirements after treatment.
What are the characteristics of acid-base wastewater and its treatment principles?
Acidic wastewater mainly comes from steel plants, chemical plants, dye plants, electroplating plants and mines, etc., which contain various harmful substances or heavy metal salts. The mass fraction of acid varies greatly, the low is less than 1%, and the high is greater than 10%. Alkaline wastewater mainly comes from printing and dyeing factories, leather factories, paper mills, oil refineries, etc. Some of them contain organic bases or inorganic bases. The mass fraction of alkali is higher than 5%, and some lower than 1%. In addition to acid and alkali, acid-base wastewater often contains acid salts, basic salts, and other inorganic and organic substances.
Acid-base wastewater is highly corrosive and needs to be properly treated before it can be discharged.
The general principles for the treatment of acid-base wastewater are: (1) High-concentration acid-base wastewater should be recycled and reused first. According to water quality, water volume and different process requirements, plant or regional scheduling should be carried out to reuse as much as possible: if it is difficult to reuse, Or the concentration is low and the amount of water is large, so the concentration method can be used to recover the acid and alkali. (2) Low-concentration acid and alkali wastewater, such as the cleaning water of the pickling tank and the rinsing water of the alkali cleaning tank, should be neutralized. For neutralization, the principle of treating waste with waste should be considered first. For example, acid and alkali wastewater are mutually neutralized or waste alkali (slag) is used to neutralize acidic wastewater, and waste acid is used to neutralize alkaline wastewater. In the absence of these conditions, a neutralizer can be used for treatment.
The flotation reagents added in the beneficiation process are as follows:
(1) Collecting agents: such as xanthate (RocssMe), black medicine [(RO)2PSSMe], baiyao [CS(NHC6H5)2]; (2) suppression punishment: such as cyanide salt (KCN, NaCN), water glass ( Na2SiO3); (3) Foaming agent: such as turpentine, cresol (C6H4CH30H); (4) Active punishment: such as copper sulfate (CuS04), heavy metal salts; (5) vulcanizing agent: such as sodium sulfide; (6) ore Paddle conditioner: such as sulfuric acid, lime, etc.
The beneficiation wastewater mainly passes through the tailing dam to effectively remove suspended solids in the wastewater, and the content of heavy metals and flotation reagents can also be reduced. If the emission requirements are not met, further treatment should be carried out. Common treatment methods are: (1) Lime neutralization method and roasted dolomite adsorption method can be used to remove heavy metals; (2) Ore adsorption method can be used for main flotation reagents , Activated carbon adsorption method; (3) Cyanide-containing wastewater can be chemically oxidized.
Metallurgical wastewater can be divided into several categories, what is the development trend of its treatment?
The main characteristics of metallurgical wastewater are large amount of water, many kinds, complex and changeable water quality. According to the source and characteristics of waste water, it mainly includes cooling water, pickling waste water, washing waste water (dust removal, gas or flue gas), slagging waste water, coking waste water and waste water from condensation, separation or overflow in production.
The development trend of metallurgical wastewater treatment is :(1) the development and adoption of no water or less water and no pollution or less pollution of the new process, new technology, such as using dry quenching coke, coking coal preheating, direct desulfurization and decyanization from coke oven gas; (2) To develop integrated utilization technologies, such as the recovery of useful substances and heat from waste water and gas, to reduce the loss of materials and fuels; (3) According to different water quality requirements, comprehensive balance, stream use, and improve water quality stability measures, and constantly improve the recycling utilization rate of water; (4) to develop new treatment processes and technologies suitable for the characteristics of metallurgical wastewater, such as magnetic treatment of steel wastewater. It has the advantages of high efficiency, less occupation, convenient operation and management.