Using Drone Mapping In the Construction and Engineering Industry

VALUE OF DRONE MAPPING FOR CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS MONITORING

Most commercial construction sites are typical locations for future warehouses, retail facilities, commercial real estate, manufacturing plants, business offices, etc. Engineering firms are now able to identify potentially unforeseen hazards and plan more effectively by using drone mapping technology to track site progress. If you are considering using drone maps for construction projects, here are some sample types of maps that can be generated, and the direct benefits available when you use drones.

When a construction company decides to use drones to improve progress monitoring, the next step is to determine the type of data they want to collect, and what kind of information would be the most beneficial to include in reports. Some projects require a fully-detailed map, while other projects might only require photographs or video. It depends on the outcomes needed to make decisions.

ORTHOMOSAIC MAPS

What is an orthomosaic map, how are they used, and why would you want one??

Think of an orthomosaic map as a significantly sharper, higher resolution, and more detailed version of Google Earth. It’s a composite image made by capturing hundreds (if not thousands) of drone-generated photos, then stitching these images together. This process is known as photogrammetry—the science of making reliable measurements using aerial photographs. An orthoimage has been corrected for lens distortion, camera tilt perspective, and topographic relief (the changes in elevation of the earth’s surface and curvature). These corrected orthophotos carry embedded metadata identifying geo-location, date, altitude, and even camera details, but the key feature is that they have a uniform scale across the image. The critical difference between a standard aerial photo and an orthophoto is the perspective and accuracy. As a result, they can use them to measure accurate distances, from planning and pre-construction to the final inspection; hence drone mapping can streamline every stage of a construction project.

Drone maps help engineering and survey teams quickly achieve accurate topographic data to locate existing site grading, drainage spots, vegetation, and waterways. Construction firms find orthomosaics particularly useful for providing an updated picture of the construction site on a regular basis. In addition, you leverage the accuracy of orthomosaics for precise measurements. Software programs, such as DroneDeploy and Pix4D, allow users to interface directly with the generated map. You can measure distance, area, and volume, calculate the volume of stockpiles, estimate material costs, and collect other valuable data—all without physically being at the construction site. Orthomosaics are also great for performing aerial inspections to secure equipment and materials. In addition, they can be used to inspect rooftops, solar installations, deteriorating buildings, and much more. Sometimes orthomosaics are even used in court cases, providing updated and accurate imagery needed for legal proceedings.

POINT CLOUD AND 3D MODELING

Over the last five years, the commercial construction industry has started to incorporate BIM (Building Information Modeling) into both the designing and project management processes. Think of BIM as a remote construction site audit that provides visualizations of the “as-built” of all components in a building. Integrating drone data into the BIM process takes this CAD design and overlays real-world 3D models, ensuring accurate construction from the plans, or “as-built” compared to “design-build.”

BIM is a project management system that allows real-time 3D information to flow across the entire construction process. This enables construction firms and stakeholders to visualize each aspect of the project in a 3D environment. This enables construction project stakeholders to access information in real-time.

INTEGRATING DRONE DATA INTO BIM WORKFLOW

Over the last five years, the commercial construction industry has started to incorporate BIM (Building Information Modeling) into both the designing and project management process. BIM is a project management system that allows real-time 3D information to flow across the entire construction process enabling construction firms and stakeholders to visualize each aspect of the project in a 3D environment. Benefits include breaking down impediments that block stakeholders in a construction project to access information in real-time.

Think of BIM as a remote construction site audit that provides visualizations of the “as-built” of all components in a building. Integrating drone data into the BIM process takes this CAD design and overlays real-world 3D models, ensuring accurate construction from the plans, or “as-built” compared to “design-build.”

CONSTRUCTION SITE PROGRESSION MONITORING

Drones allow you to monitor the evolution of a construction site’s progress via a process known as “construction aerial progress monitoring”. This includes regularly scheduled drone flights to collect project data workflows and document progress and changes, ensuring that the scope continues as specified in the agreement. A few of the critical things that a project manager will look for include: observing the various construction trades and establishing their level of completion, identifying and reporting changes, potential or pending change orders, locating the status of stored materials (and if requested off-site materials as well), checking for adherence to safety compliance, and much more. After each site visit, a written report including visual imagery is created to be submitted to stakeholders and leadership.

Progress reports are required in contracts and have been part of the construction project process for 100 years. Inspectors perform a “boots-on-the-ground” walk around the entire site to manually capture images. This can take days, or even weeks, making it difficult to get a full understanding of the site's condition. Also, some sections might not be easily accessible, so the ground-based reports might not disclose enough detail. Since drones can quickly photo document even the largest of sites, though, messages can be completed with much more detail and be done much more frequently, giving the project manager more information to make better decisions. These visuals, paired with regular progress reports, are also a potent tool for developing stronger relationships with clients, investors, and management. All of these stakeholders can have a very detailed understanding of site progress just by viewing drone images and video.

WHAT DOES THE DRONE OPERATIONS WORKFLOW LOOK LIKE?

There is a particular workflow for conducting aerial drone missions when documenting construction site progress. This workflow process provides a very detailed snapshot of what the current conditions were on that date we were on site.

One of the first steps is to ask the project manager for a KMZ/KML file of the entire project boundary. This allows us to load the project site into drone flight planning software. The first flight is a pre-planned mission to generate the initial orthomosaic map. Once the KMZ/KML is loaded into the software, we prepare site-specific flight parameters. For example, one of the first steps is to identify the highest obstacle altitude, which in many cases determines the flight altitude and how we can acquire the smallest ground sampling distance (GSD). This is the distance between the center points of each sample taken off the ground. Each ” sample ” is a pixel since we’re talking about digital photos in drone surveying; each “sample” is a pixel. In simpler terms, the GSD represents the size of one pixel on the ground. Example: 0.5 in/px

Other parameters that need to be considered are the overlap of images (front and side of drone) and direction of flight. Using the flight direction feature allows you to change the order in which your drone flies. Changing the flight path can assist when you are mapping a narrow shape so that the drone conserves battery life. It can also assist in flying in and out of the wind. Most default flight plans are parallel or cross-hatch pattern flight plans. The difference between the two flight types is quite different. Standard parallel flights are flown with the camera in a nadir view (the direction pointing directly below a particular location). This type of flight plan is used for a general overview and typically generates 30% fewer images than a cross-hatch flight. A cross-hatch flight is generally used when there is an anticipation of additional data being needed (i.e., topographical, elevation, surface, 3D point cloud). A cross-hatch creates a netted flight path (a tic-tac-toe pattern) with the gimble/camera angled generally between 25° and 65° to capture oblique angled images. The results are similar to parallel flight orthomosaics but provide incredibly better detail for any of the 3D deliverables mentioned above.

Once the autonomous ortho flight is complete, we start area-specific flights around 100 to 150 feet (or sometimes just above the tree line) navigating the site and capturing many pictures. Then we like to get one from each corner and right in front of the site. This is used a lot for planning because it incorporates more straight lines, so you can see the construction site better. Lastly, we repeated the process, but now flying higher up (as long as there aren’t airspace restrictions).?

Once all image capture is complete, it’s time for the video portion of the workflow. I like to think of video deliverables from a project management or stakeholders’ perspective. It’s more appealing and almost cinematic than sitting in a conference room viewing a progress video on a large screen from an aerial perspective. Our video capture is typically around the same angles and perspectives as the imaging. So the last video capture we create is a slow “point-of-interest” orbit at an altitude and angle that will provide for a detailed view of the focal point and capture the surrounding conditions of the job site.

Sometimes (depending on the size of the area), we will capture a 360° pan of the surrounding properties. These are primarily used for marketing. If the site is small enough, it’s possible to also do top-down videos. Typically on the last flight when the project has been completed, it’s a great opportunity to create video and image assets for marketing purposes to showcase the project.

HOW DO STAKEHOLDERS BENEFIT?

Construction professionals often wind up spending 35% of their time on non-optimal activities. This arises from poor communication due to teams working silos and not sharing common data platforms. This leads to many person-hours each week managing disputes between project stakeholders. Additionally, it often leads to more time spent assessing mistakes that require rework. The key is setting up standards and checkpoints to keep ideas and data sharing constant, and making transparency the norm for all worksite communication.

It’s apparent that construction projects are extensive, sophisticated operations with dozens of parties involved, from clients, investors, contractors, and workers. Effective communication is crucial for reducing mistakes and finishing the job according to the schedule. One of the biggest reasons our clients use drone maps is how easy, quick, and efficient it is to share and collaborate on the data. During meetings, they often put the map on a projector to point out specific areas and plan for the upcoming phases. Often stakeholders are located across the country or even overseas, so visiting on-site for updates is often not practical. These drone maps allow them to keep tabs on the project and visualize the work being done.

The savings that construction firms can expect from drone mapping technologies can be grouped into two major categories:

• Increasing profit margins
• Reducing opportunity costs

Here are just some of the benefits of drone mapping:

• Improve real-time monitoring
• Improve workflow efficiency
• Enable faster tracking of assets
• Communicate progress faster
• Catch conflicts sooner
• Identify hazards and enhance safety
• Mitigate dirty, dangerous, and dull jobs
• Identify trends — good or bad

Whether it’s subcontractors, clients, investors, workers, project management, or any other project stakeholder, drone mapping enables everyone on the construction project to work together better, faster, and more efficiently.