Using ChatGPT To Create Python Code For Patent Tasks

I must start this article saying that it was inspired by this post from Derek M. Abeyta :

I'm grateful to Derek for being supportive of me posting an article as a follow-up to that post.

Derek's idea was around using keyword searching to check the frequency and, hence, strength of a candidate patent claim amendment in terms of its support in a patent specification.

This inspired me to create something that came at this from a slightly different angle.

The angle I was interested in was analysing the text of a patent specification (except the claims) as filed to find the most frequent words or compound words. The most frequently used words or compound words might then be candidates for amendments on the basis that they're well-supported.

Python seemed like a good candidate for this, especially using its Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK) library.

The main issue for me was that I don't have the coding skills to write code for that in Python.

So, I turned to ChatGPT to do it for me.

It wasn't too difficult to get ChatGPT to generate Python code that did almost exactly what I wanted. I iterated it a few times with ChatGPT and this is what we (ChatGPT and I!) ended up with:

import nltk
from nltk.tokenize import word_tokenize
from collections import Counter, defaultdict
from itertools import islice, tee

# Ensure NLTK resources are downloaded
nltk.download('punkt')

# Function to generate n-grams
def ngrams(tokens, n):
    return zip(*[islice(seq, i, None) for i, seq in enumerate(tee(tokens, n))])

# Function to find frequent sequences
def find_frequent_sequences(tokens, min_length=2, max_length=3, min_freq=2):
    frequent_sequences = Counter()
    for n in range(min_length, max_length + 1):
        for seq in ngrams(tokens, n):
            frequent_sequences[seq] += 1
    return {seq: freq for seq, freq in frequent_sequences.items() if freq >= min_freq}

# Prompt the user for text input
print("Please enter your text (type 'END' on a new line to finish):")
text = "\n".join(iter(input, "END"))

# Tokenize the text
tokens = word_tokenize(text)

# Convert to lowercase
tokens = [token.lower() for token in tokens if token.isalpha()]

# Identify frequent sequences that could be compound terms
frequent_compounds = find_frequent_sequences(tokens)

# Count the frequencies of individual words and compound terms
word_counts = Counter()
for token in tokens:
    word_counts[token] += 1
for compound, freq in frequent_compounds.items():
    # Join the words in the compound term with a space
    compound_term = ' '.join(compound)
    word_counts[compound_term] = freq
    # Adjust the counts for individual words in the compound term
    for word in compound:
        if word_counts[word] > 0:
            word_counts[word] -= freq

# Sort words and compound terms by frequency
sorted_word_counts = sorted(word_counts.items(), key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)

# Print the sorted word frequencies, excluding counts less than 1
for word, count in sorted_word_counts:
    if count > 0:
        print(f'"{word}": {count}')        

There's no way I could have written that code myself. I could have hired someone else to do it, but ChatGPT produced it in a matter of seconds, and I was able to experiment with it, tweak it, and refine it very easily and very quickly. And this was just a proof-of-concept exercise that I wouldn't have wanted to spend money getting code written for.

One change I initially made was to exclude stopwords (words that occur very frequently in English, like "the", "in", etc) from the list. However, some of the compound words in the list didn't appear correctly without them, so I removed that exclusion.

I also tried excluded certain predefined words like "comprises" but, again, some of the compound words in the list didn't appear correctly without them, so I removed that exclusion too.

Is it 'perfect' code? I honestly don't know. But for this experiment it didn't matter as it was more a proof-of-concept experiment for me rather than something I'd want to roll out in a product.

To test it, I used the specification (excluding claims) of one my own patent applications for one of my own inventions relating to a dishwasher spray arm, which you can find on espacenet here.

I've included its output at the bottom of this article as it's a long list!

Unsurprisingly, given the nature of the invention, variations of "dishwasher spray arm" are at the top of the list.

Some other expressions, like "of the" and "may be", that wouldn't be candidates for amendments of themselves, appear high in the list too.

It was interesting to see wording like "the interior of", "spray holes", "cleaning configuration", "operating configuration", "attachment mechanism", and "blocking items" high up the list. In principle, they could be contenders for well-supported amendments.

As mentioned above, this was a purely experimental, proof-of-concept exercise and there are lots of things that could be done to improve the usefulness of something like this. A few ideas:

1. Change the code so that it also counts and shows the frequency of single words, or at least give the user the option to decide whether or not they want that. For example, "dishwasher" should probably be at the top of the list.
2. Refine how commonly used words are handled, to try to exclude things that aren't realistic candidate amendments from the output.
3. Also prompt the user for the current claims. The output could then only show expressions that are used a lot in the description, but aren't currently somewhere in the claims.

This code runs quickly and fully locally on my computer so, in principle, it could be used on confidential data, such as an unpublished patent specification.

It also runs deterministically, so you'd get the same result every time you used the same input text (assuming the code doesn't change). This doesn't always happen when using generative AI tools, like ChatGPT, directly.

The code could be changed quickly and easily using a tool like ChatGPT, e.g. for those who aren't proficient at coding.

Output

"dishwasher spray": 238

"spray arm": 237

"dishwasher spray arm": 223

"the dishwasher": 190

"the dishwasher spray": 174

"of the": 170

"of the dishwasher": 96

"the first": 76

"a dishwasher": 63

"interior of": 55

"interior of the": 55

"may be": 48

"in the": 47

"first and": 45

"and second": 45

"the first and": 45

"first and second": 45

"a dishwasher spray": 44

"second parts": 43

"of a": 43

"and second parts": 43

"second part": 42

"the interior": 40

"example the": 39

"the interior of": 39

"in this": 38

"the second": 34

"this example": 34

"in this example": 34

"this example the": 34

"first part": 33

"the second part": 32

"spray holes": 30

"arm in": 28

"spray arm in": 28

"arm is": 27

"spray arm is": 27

"the first part": 27

"the spray": 26

"arm may": 26

"spray arm may": 25

"at least": 24

"cleaning configuration": 23

"each other": 23

"configuration in": 22

"one or": 21

"operating configuration": 21

"arm the": 21

"spray arm the": 21

"of a dishwasher": 20

"part of": 19

"to the": 19

"is shown": 19

"spray arms": 18

"or more": 18

"there is": 18

"some or": 18

"all of": 18

"one or more": 18

"example the dishwasher": 18

"of the first": 18

"example of": 17

"or all": 17

"the opening": 17

"example of a": 17

"some or all": 17

"or all of": 17

"in a": 16

"arm to": 16

"may comprise": 16

"the cleaning": 16

"cleaning of": 16

"attachment mechanism": 16

"spray arm to": 16

"all of the": 16

"an interior": 15

"dishwasher spray arms": 15

"arm may be": 15

"of the interior": 15

"cleaning of the": 15

"can be": 14

"for example": 14

"the operating": 14

"the spray holes": 14

"an interior of": 14

"part of the": 14

"from the": 13

"such that": 13

"from each": 13

"cleaning configuration in": 13

"from each other": 13

"the cleaning configuration": 13

"a cleaning": 12

"access to": 12

"accordance with": 12

"shown in": 12

"facilitate cleaning": 12

"comprises a": 12

"part may": 12

"arm in this": 12

"is provided": 11

"parts are": 11

"least part": 11

"to an": 11

"an example": 11

"in accordance": 11

"parts may": 11

"the inlet": 11

"in the dishwasher": 11

"second parts are": 11

"at least part": 11

"an example of": 11

"in accordance with": 11

"of the spray": 11

"second parts may": 11

"this may": 10

"for cleaning": 10

"a first": 10

"a second": 10

"an operating": 10

"in which": 10

"into the": 10

"to facilitate": 10

"figure shows": 10

"shows a": 10

"a schematic": 10

"schematic diagram": 10

"diagram of": 10

"with an": 10

"an embodiment": 10

"blocking items": 10

"within the": 10

"referring to": 10

"to figure": 10

"figure there": 10

"shown schematically": 10

"schematically an": 10

"to be": 10

"temporary attachment": 10

"an operating configuration": 10

"in a cleaning": 10

"to an interior": 10

"figure shows a": 10

"shows a schematic": 10

"a schematic diagram": 10

"schematic diagram of": 10

"accordance with an": 10

"with an embodiment": 10

"within the dishwasher": 10

"referring to figure": 10

"to figure there": 10

"figure there is": 10

"there is shown": 10

"is shown schematically": 10

"shown schematically an": 10

"schematically an example": 10

"example the first": 10

"the operating configuration": 10

"in the cleaning": 10

"temporary attachment mechanism": 10

"from an": 9

"via the": 9

"least partly": 9

"separated from": 9

"exterior of": 9

"such a": 9

"arm comprises": 9

"part comprises": 9

"part is": 9

"may facilitate": 9

"the user": 9

"operating configuration in": 9

"least part of": 9

"a cleaning configuration": 9

"at least partly": 9

"exterior of the": 9

"spray arm comprises": 9

"second part may": 9

"facilitate cleaning of": 9

"more spray": 8

"provided a": 8

"in an": 8

"which the": 8

"arm and": 8

"arm for": 8

"a material": 8

"embodiment figure": 8

"described herein": 8

"compared to": 8

"where the": 8

"as such": 8

"the form": 8

"form of": 8

"or more spray": 8

"provided a dishwasher": 8

"in an operating": 8

"spray arm and": 8

"separated from each": 8

"into the interior": 8

"spray arm for": 8

"of a material": 8

"an embodiment figure": 8

"embodiment figure shows": 8

"in the operating": 8

"in the form": 8

"the form of": 8

"form of a": 8

"comprise one": 7

"according to": 7

"embodiments there": 7

"and a": 7

"configurable in": 7

"that is": 7

"an exterior": 7

"made of": 7

"spray hole": 7

"be able": 7

"able to": 7

"than the": 7

"user may": 7

"permanent attachment": 7

"arm this": 7

"part some": 7

"comprise one or": 7

"the spray arm": 7

"embodiments there is": 7

"there is provided": 7

"is provided a": 7

"more spray holes": 7

"from an exterior": 7

"an exterior of": 7

"such a dishwasher": 7

"configuration in accordance": 7

"to the interior": 7

"configuration in this": 7

"arm comprises a": 7

"parts may be": 7

"be able to": 7

"of the second": 7

"second part is": 7

"is shown in": 7

"part may be": 7

"spray arm this": 7

"part some or": 7

"arm by": 6

"and the": 6

"part and": 6

"of an": 6

"arm such": 6

"to define": 6

"to a": 6

"by hand": 6

"configuration and": 6

"material through": 6

"through which": 6

"which at": 6

"is visible": 6

"visible from": 6

"dishwasher comprising": 6

"arm shown": 6

"of another": 6

"another example": 6

"to clean": 6

"part in": 6

"be made": 6

"face of": 6

"a user": 6

"hinge arrangement": 6

"may comprise one": 6

"from the dishwasher": 6

"a first part": 6

"a second part": 6

"configuration in which": 6

"in which the": 6

"spray arm such": 6

"access to an": 6

"arm for cleaning": 6

"a material through": 6

"material through which": 6

"through which at": 6

"which at least": 6

"arm is visible": 6

"is visible from": 6

"visible from an": 6

"a dishwasher comprising": 6

"spray arm shown": 6

"diagram of another": 6

"of another example": 6

"another example of": 6

"access to the": 6

"to facilitate cleaning": 6

"may be made": 6

"be made of": 6

"first part comprises": 6

"where the dishwasher": 6

"face of the": 6

"shown in the": 6

"arm to be": 6

"may be able": 6

"permanent attachment mechanism": 6

"holes in": 5

"as a": 5

"dishwasher in": 5

"an opening": 5

"dish rack": 5

"in figure": 5

"examples described": 5

"herein may": 5

"may provide": 5

"may also": 5

"blocking item": 5

"none of": 5

"to each": 5

"separable from": 5

"of any": 5

"opening may": 5

"larger in": 5

"in size": 5

"size than": 5

"example to": 5

"multiple times": 5

"mechanism in": 5

"part to": 5

"between the": 5

"and cleaning": 5

"cleaning configurations": 5

"any blocking": 5

"spray holes in": 5

"the dishwasher in": 5

"first part and": 5

"and a second": 5

"which the first": 5

"part of an": 5

"arm shown in": 5

"described herein may": 5

"none of the": 5

"part may comprise": 5

"to each other": 5

"to the second": 5

"the opening may": 5

"larger in size": 5

"in size than": 5

"for example to": 5

"arm is shown": 5

"attachment mechanism in": 5

"first part to": 5

"and cleaning configurations": 5

"user may be": 5

"first part some": 5

"spray arm by": 5

"the user may": 5

"any blocking items": 5

"may facilitate cleaning": 5

"water": 4

"only": 4

"materials": 4

"defined": 4

"force": 4

"to dishwasher": 4

"in use": 4

"arm can": 4

"be removed": 4

"removed from": 4

"be cleaned": 4

"parts define": 4

"holes of": 4

"arm via": 4

"partly separated": 4

"arm according": 4

"be taken": 4

"taken apart": 4

"facilitate access": 4

"cleaning purposes": 4

"is configurable": 4

"relative to": 4

"of access": 4

"access available": 4

"is made": 4

"made at": 4

"partly of": 4

"dishwasher dish": 4

"comprising such": 4

"the example": 4

"example dishwasher": 4

"figure in": 4

"be easier": 4

"easier to": 4

"or none": 4

"in some": 4

"some examples": 4

"examples the": 4

"the one": 4

"define the": 4

"arm where": 4

"interior face": 4

"dishwasher the": 4

"opening provides": 4

"additional access": 4

"other in": 4

"arm since": 4

"parts being": 4

"the size": 4

"size of": 4

"opening is": 4

"a temporary": 4

"arrangement the": 4

"element of": 4

"the arrangement": 4

"arrangement in": 4

"be reversibly": 4

"reversibly configured": 4

"configured between": 4

"operating and": 4

"clip arrangement": 4

"types of": 4

"are envisaged": 4

"a hinge": 4

"that it": 4

"it is": 4

"be configured": 4

"in examples": 4

"user to": 4

"items in": 4

"this facilitates": 4

"facilitates cleaning": 4

"is a": 4

"whether or": 4

"in a dishwasher": 4

"spray arm can": 4

"removed from the": 4

"second parts define": 4

"arm such that": 4

"spray holes of": 4

"holes of the": 4

"spray arm via": 4

"arm via the": 4

"partly separated from": 4

"spray arm according": 4

"arm according to": 4

"can be taken": 4

"be taken apart": 4

"facilitate access to": 4

"for cleaning purposes": 4

"that is configurable": 4

"second part of": 4

"of access available": 4

"in the first": 4

"is made at": 4

"made at least": 4

"least partly of": 4

"partly of a": 4

"a dishwasher dish": 4

"dishwasher dish rack": 4

"dishwasher comprising such": 4

"comprising such a": 4

"the example dishwasher": 4

"example dishwasher spray": 4

"may be easier": 4

"be easier to": 4

"made of a": 4

"comprises a first": 4

"second part in": 4

"part in this": 4

"arm may comprise": 4

"or none of": 4

"in some examples": 4

"of the one": 4

"the one or": 4

"arm the first": 4

"spray arm where": 4

"interior face of": 4

"operating configuration and": 4

"arm the opening": 4

"the opening provides": 4

"each other in": 4

"spray arm since": 4

"second parts being": 4

"the size of": 4

"the opening is": 4

"size than the": 4

"a temporary attachment": 4

"mechanism in the": 4

"separable from each": 4

"part comprises a": 4

"element of the": 4

"example the second": 4

"part to the": 4

"to be reversibly": 4

"be reversibly configured": 4

"reversibly configured between": 4

"configured between the": 4

"between the operating": 4

"the operating and": 4

"operating and cleaning": 4

"the spray hole": 4

"arm the user": 4

"of any blocking": 4

"blocking items in": 4

"items in the": 4

"arm this facilitates": 4

"this facilitates cleaning": 4

"facilitates cleaning of": 4

"arm is provided": 4

"less": 3

"wire": 3

"different": 3

"arms the": 3

"a spray": 3

"a blocked": 3

"blocked spray": 3

"define at": 3

"an inlet": 3

"to one": 3

"further configurable": 3

"are at": 3

"define an": 3

"opening into": 3

"that can": 3

"apart and": 3

"put back": 3

"back together": 3

"a measure": 3

"measure of": 3

"available to": 3

"first configuration": 3

"second configuration": 3

"arms can": 3

"increased access": 3

"cleaning the": 3

"or or": 3

"or at": 3

"holes the": 3

"when the": 3

"may result": 3

"result in": 3

"as the": 3

"to maintain": 3

"maintain the": 3

"arms may": 3

"not be": 3

"be used": 3

"cleaning implement": 3

"such as": 3

"configured in": 3

"the same": 3

"as each": 3

"other the": 3

"of one": 3

"inlet the": 3

"enables the": 3

"this specific": 3

"specific example": 3

"comprises the": 3

"some all": 3

"all or": 3

"enable the": 3

"six spray": 3

"configuration the": 3

"other part": 3

"washing liquid": 3

"within a": 3

"so as": 3

"as to": 3

"provides additional": 3

"arm compared": 3

"is in": 3

"any of": 3

"one of": 3

"such although": 3

"is also": 3

"and can": 3

"allow the": 3

"attached to": 3

"be configurable": 3

"other via": 3

"part but": 3

"use in": 3

"provide a": 3

"the clip": 3

"a permanent": 3

"the hinge": 3

"than a": 3

"a relatively": 3

"be resiliently": 3

"resiliently deformable": 3

"defines the": 3

"application of": 3

"by allowing": 3

"to see": 3

"to readily": 3

"arm should": 3

"should be": 3

"has a": 3

"or not": 3

"clean it": 3

"a blocking": 3

"provided which": 3

"a known": 3

"known dishwasher": 3

"which a": 3

"mechanism may": 3

"arm some": 3

"further a": 3

"to dishwasher spray": 3

"spray arms the": 3

"a spray arm": 3

"a blocked spray": 3

"blocked spray arm": 3

"be removed from": 3

"part and a": 3

"parts define at": 3

"define at least": 3

"of an interior": 3

"via the interior": 3

"further configurable in": 3

"configurable in a": 3

"are at least": 3

"to define an": 3

"define an opening": 3

"an opening into": 3

"opening into the": 3

"put back together": 3

"measure of access": 3

"access available to": 3

"in the second": 3

"arm in an": 3

"diagram of the": 3

"of the example": 3

"shown in figure": 3

"in figure in": 3

"figure in a": 3

"arm in a": 3

"arm in accordance": 3

"examples described herein": 3

"spray arms can": 3

"easier to clean": 3

"or at least": 3

"spray holes the": 3

"may result in": 3

"to maintain the": 3

"spray arms may": 3

"as each other": 3

"each other the": 3

"of one or": 3

"enables the dishwasher": 3

"in this specific": 3

"this specific example": 3

"specific example the": 3

"part comprises the": 3

"some all or": 3

"all or none": 3

"enable the dishwasher": 3

"six spray holes": 3

"and the second": 3

"second part comprises": 3

"some examples the": 3

"first part may": 3

"other part of": 3

"within a dishwasher": 3

"so as to": 3

"opening provides additional": 3

"provides additional access": 3

"spray arm compared": 3

"arm compared to": 3

"via the inlet": 3

"other in the": 3

"part is in": 3

"any of the": 3

"one of the": 3

"size of the": 3

"as such although": 3

"example to facilitate": 3

"may be configurable": 3

"each other via": 3

"of the arrangement": 3

"second part but": 3

"may provide a": 3

"of the clip": 3

"the clip arrangement": 3

"a permanent attachment": 3

"a hinge arrangement": 3

"the hinge arrangement": 3

"that it is": 3

"to define the": 3

"define the opening": 3

"may be configured": 3

"may be resiliently": 3

"be resiliently deformable": 3

"application of a": 3

"spray arm should": 3

"arm should be": 3

"should be cleaned": 3

"arm where the": 3

"arm is a": 3

"is a dishwasher": 3

"whether or not": 3

"a blocking item": 3

"a known dishwasher": 3

"known dishwasher spray": 3

"in which a": 3

"attachment mechanism may": 3

"spray arm some": 3

"arm some or": 3

"this may facilitate": 3

"further a dishwasher": 3

"detergent": 2

"however": 2

"replaced": 2

"having": 2

"description": 2

"operational": 2

"while": 2

"techniques": 2

"pushed": 2

"lower": 2

"frequently": 2

"replacement": 2

"seen": 2

"enhanced": 2

"fluid": 2

"rotate": 2

"increase": 2

"present": 2

"thereby": 2

"manner": 2

"wall": 2

"if": 2

"possible": 2

"time": 2

"efforts": 2

"performance": 2

"reduce": 2

"maintenance": 2

"uses": 2

"arm or": 2

"by a": 2

"pump in": 2

"onto dishes": 2

"dishes in": 2

"dishwasher may": 2

"the like": 2

"poor cleaning": 2

"cleaning results": 2

"arm a": 2

"dishwasher for": 2

"using a": 2

"alternatively a": 2

"arm comprising": 2

"wherein the": 2

"are configurable": 2

"that liquid": 2

"liquid can": 2

"can flow": 2

"flow from": 2

"inlet of": 2

"and wherein": 2

"are further": 2

"other to": 2

"multiple parts": 2

"parts that": 2

"and put": 2

"together to": 2

"part that": 2

"configurable relative": 2

"to adjust": 2

"adjust a": 2

"arm that": 2

"configurable by": 2

"hand between": 2

"between a": 2

"wherein accessibility": 2

"accessibility to": 2

"is greater": 2

"greater in": 2

"configuration than": 2

"than in": 2

"rack in": 2

"in combination": 2

"combination with": 2

"will now": 2

"now be": 2

"be described": 2

"cleaning in": 2

"herein relate": 2

"relate to": 2

"to allow": 2

"can then": 2

"then be": 2

"arms described": 2

"provide for": 2

"open the": 2

"the blocking": 2

"is used": 2

"by facilitating": 2

"facilitating access": 2

"out of": 2

"holes or": 2

"more easily": 2

"in working": 2

"working order": 2

"order as": 2

"use of": 2

"may not": 2

"examples herein": 2

"material such": 2

"be transparent": 2

"transparent or": 2

"or translucent": 2

"example such": 2

"such dishwasher": 2

"items within": 2

"more readily": 2

"implement such": 2

"be more": 2

"is configured": 2

"of such": 2

"a plurality": 2

"plurality of": 2

"of spray": 2

"dishwasher and": 2

"the six": 2

"comprise some": 2

"may define": 2

"the entire": 2

"entire interior": 2

"arm defines": 2

"inlet to": 2

"the washing": 2

"liquid may": 2

"may still": 2

"the clogged": 2

"clogged spray": 2

"hole s": 2

"an opposing": 2

"opposing interior": 2

"part the": 2

"comprise the": 2

"arm rotates": 2

"dishwasher arm": 2

"dishwasher during": 2

"during a": 2

"cycle the": 2

"with each": 2

"other and": 2

"and not": 2

"such the": 2

"may have": 2

"of freedom": 2

"described in": 2

"is at": 2

"partly separable": 2

"access into": 2

"to access": 2

"holes to": 2

"figure is": 2

"not to": 2

"fully separated": 2

"in contact": 2

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