Unveiling the Hidden Allergens: A Closer Look at Fragrance-Induced Allergies in Skincare Products
Hafsa Bashir | Environmental Researcher
1st December 2023
Keywords: Fragrance allergies, skin care products, synthetic fragrance allergies, skin sensitivities, allergic reactions
In our daily lives, we often consume a variety of personal care goods with a pleasant scent, such as lotions or soaps, which are known as fragrances. But did you know that despite their exceptional aromatic effects, fragrances can sometimes cause serious health problems, especially skin sensitization, when using certain types of skincare products? In order to develop a comprehensive grasp of this matter, Hafsa Bashir, an environmentalist at The Skynth Research, would provide specific insights about how fragrances can affect our skin health. The article will also demonstrate the differences between natural and synthetic fragrances, skin sensitivity, and allergic reactions in relation to the use of fragrance-containing personal care products.
What is a fragrance?
A fragrance is "any natural or synthetic substance or substances used solely to impart an odor to a cosmetic product, according to the Code of Federal Regulations [1]. There are various natural fragrances, such as balsams or essential oils, along with a few animal-derived products. i.e., musk, civet, and ambergris, which can also be produced synthetically [2]. A great deal of cosmetic products are falsely labeled as "fragrance-free," despite the existence of original fragrances [3]. The EU CosIng cosmetics database contains information on over 2,500 ingredients utilized for perfumes and deodorants [4], as well as lotions, creams, serums, and body washes.
Consuming fragrances may potentially lead to unforeseen skin-related health consequences, including contact allergies. Determining the exact incidence of dermatitis from cosmetics is challenging, as mild cases may go unreported, with consumers discontinuing product use without seeking medical attention [5], or many are not eventually well aware of such allergies [6].? Despite the increased awareness among consumers regarding fragrance allergies, roughly 20% of the global population has been sensitized to at least one allergen. Surprisingly, fragrance is the most common cause of allergies, thus affecting up to 11% of allergic individuals worldwide, disproportionately impacting women, and rising in children. The cosmetic industry's confidential policy for fragrance ingredients to maintain intellectual property and commercial advantages over competition hinders patch tests of fragrance allergies, leaving consumers with limited options to avoid allergens in products [7].
Differences between Natural and Synthetic Fragrances
First and foremost, it is crucial to distinguish between natural and synthetic fragrance allegres used in skin care products, in terms of original sources, health effects, etc., as seen in Figure 1 below.
Although many consumers believe that "natural" products are less likely to cause allergic reactions, surveillance studies indicate that such substances can indeed act as significant allergens [8].
Meanwhile, synthetic fragrances in skincare products serve to enhance the sensory experience by providing pleasing scents that evoke positive emotions and relaxation during the skincare routine. They are also masking agents for certain ingredients, improving the overall texture and appeal of the products. But like their natural counterparts, the synthetic ingredients can also cause certain allergic effects.
Mild to moderate fragrance allergy symptoms may include:
-??????? Generalized skin itching or irritation, even without visible rashes.
-??????? Reddish Skin and increased sensitivity to sunlight compared to expected
-??????? Irritation around the eyes and mouth
-??????? An outbreak of hives can spread across the body.
However, some fragrance can cause more rapid allergies, demanding immediate medical attention. While such severe symptoms are uncommon, being aware of them is crucial. Examples of these severe emergency symptoms encompass:
Synthetic Fragrances: Friend or Foe?
Fragrances have been constantly listed as a common allergen by the American Contact Dermatitis Society [11]. Some individuals with sensitive skin may experience skin irritations or allergic reactions to certain fragrance compounds, prompting the availability of fragrance-free alternatives to cater to diverse consumer preferences and needs. Dermatological data derived from clinical experiences suggests that certain fragrances commonly used in skincare products are more notorious for causing contact dermatitis than natural fragrances [9].
Table 1: The most common fragrances causing contact dermatitis (Source: EWP)
The Environmental Working Group (EWG) [12]highlights that those fragrances, being among the top five global allergens, can encompass hormone disruptors. Allergic responses, including headaches, migraines, breathing difficulties, and sinus irritation, are documented effects. Additionally, fragrance mixtures are common triggers for skin-contact dermatitis. Recent health reports demonstrate a significant surge in allergies, sinus problems, migraines, and asthma cases. This increase may be linked to the increased usage of fragrance-containing products. Notably, individuals with sensitive scalps face heightened risks of adverse reactions when using specific hair care products. Symptoms such as dandruff, redness, itchiness, severe dryness, and scaliness on the scalp can worsen and lead to more severe responses. Instant redness, sensations, burning, soreness, intense itching, and even the potential for scalp wounds that itch or bleed upon rubbing are among the observed reactions [13]. In general, there is a common belief that natural fragrances are safer than synthetic fragrances. This belief stems from concerns about certain ingredients in synthetic fragrances that have been restricted due to potential allergenic risks. Conversely, natural fragrance oils and essential oils have often faced less rigorous scrutiny in this regard.
However, it's important to recognize that this belief is not always accurate. Some natural ingredients can also trigger skin allergies and sensitization, while synthetic alternatives may, in certain cases, offer less allergenic options. Unlike most synthetic fragrances, recent study indicates potential disruption of hormone function caused by certain oil plant-derived chemicals [22]. Therefore, individuals who are concerned about potential harmful effects of synthetic fragrances should be aware that only those synthetic fragrances containing "chemicals of concern" are recognized as high-risk ingredients, such as benzene derivatives, phthalates, synthetic musks, and parabens [21].
Regulatory Measures and Organizations Ensuring Fragrance Safety
To address safety concerns, regulatory bodies and organizations oversee the use of synthetic fragrances in consumer products. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulate fragrance ingredients in cosmetics, personal care, and household products. The International Fragrance Association (IFRA) is a globally recognized organization that establishes standards and guidelines for the safe use of fragrance materials. IFRA's Code of Practice includes restrictions on certain allergenic substances and sets concentration limits for others [14].
Hidden Ingredients and Labeling
The issue of hidden ingredients and insufficient labeling within fragrance products presents a significant dilemma, posing consumer risks and undercutting regulatory endeavors. Notably, a 2018 report from WVE [15] highlighted that over 1,200 fragrance chemicals in current use have been flagged as potential or known "chemicals of concern." These encompass carcinogens, prohibited compounds in the EU, and substances listed in international warning inventories. Of particular concern are endocrine disruptors, which mimic human hormones and can trigger effects even in minute concentrations. While the fragrance industry is largely self-regulated, bodies like the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) have established voluntary safety standards since 1966. Despite these efforts, the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act (FPLA) enables manufacturers to withhold ingredient specifics, including those within fragrances, under the guise of "trade secrets." This opacity in labeling leaves consumers unaware of the exact components they are exposed to, potentially leading to allergic reactions and sensitivities.
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Consequently, despite the FDA's role in regulating fragrances, its authority does not extend to a mandate of transparent labeling, leaving consumers reliant on diligent reading and vigilance. As a result, the lack of comprehensive ingredient disclosure undermines consumer awareness and regulatory measures' efficacy, ultimately compromising public health and informed decision-making [16].
Final thought
The exploration of natural and synthetic fragrances in skincare products underscores the complexity of fragrance-related allergies and sensitivities. While the allure of "natural" might lead consumers to believe in inherent safety, research demonstrates that natural substances can act as allergens, prompting careful consideration. Although synthetic fragrances enhance sensory experiences and product appeal, they can trigger irritations and allergies in sensitive individuals, driving the demand for fragrance-free alternatives. Distinguishing between natural and synthetic fragrances, certain synthetic compounds have garnered notoriety for causing contact dermatitis, highlighting the importance of precise choices. Echoing concerns, the Pakistan National Academy of Sciences report links synthetic fragrances derived primarily from petroleum to carcinogenic and toxic compounds, while the identification of fragrances as top allergens and contact dermatitis triggers by the EWG underscores the urgency for action. The surge in allergies, sinus issues, migraines, and asthma attributed to fragrance-containing products emphasizes the necessity of heightened safety measures. Despite regulatory attempts, hidden ingredients and labeling discrepancies persist, impeding consumer awareness and regulatory effectiveness. Consumers can champion safer practices by advocating for transparency, educating about allergens, and endorsing stricter labeling.
What should we acknowledge to utilize fragrances more decently?
As responsible consumers, it is important to make informed choices, by selecting products with comprehensively labelled ingredients or by choosing brands that openly disclose fragrance components [17]. Furthermore, by carefully understanding product labels and educating ourselves with fragrance-related terms and their implications for sensitive skin, potential allergens and irritants can be identified [18]. To incorporate new skincare products into your routine, we may eventually conduct a patch test, thus allowing us to identify any adverse reactions and tailor skincare routine accordingly [18]. Then it is crucial to make fragrance-free options, especially in cases of sensitive skin or a history of allergies, and look for products that explicitly state their lack of fragrance to minimize the risk of skin sensitivities [19]. Last but not least, prioritize secure buying practices by selecting trustworthy sources for your skincare products. We should also consider exploring small but highly reputable brands and thoroughly researching their values and principles before making a purchase decision [20].
Manufacturers have some extra responsibility on their shoulders to bring extra benefits to consumers by acknowledging the growing demand for fragrance-free products, expanding their range to cater to consumers with sensitivities, and offering safe and appealing alternatives that promote both skin health and sustainability [19]. Manufacturers should provide clear and comprehensive ingredient labels on all products, including fragrances, as well as offer detailed information about fragrance components, empowering consumers to make informed choices [17]. Manufacturers should also invest in research to identify safe and effective alternatives for fragrance ingredients. They should also try to explore innovative formulations that cater to individuals with sensitivities while maintaining product quality. By adopting these recommendations, consumers and manufacturers can contribute to a more informed, transparent, and fragrance-sensitive skincare landscape, fostering a safer and more inclusive environment for all.
References
[2]. De Groot, A. C., & Frosch, P. J. (1997). Adverse reactions to fragrances: a clinical review. Contact dermatitis, 36(2), 57-86.
[3]. Arribas, M. P., Soro, P., & Silvestre, J. F. (2012). Allergic contact dermatitis to fragrances. Part 1. Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas (English Edition), 103(10), 874-879.
[4]. Uter, W., Johansen, J. D., B?rje, A., Karlberg, A. T., Lidén, C., Rastogi, S., ... & White, I. R. (2013). Categorization of fragrance contact allergens for prioritization of preventive measures: clinical and experimental data and consideration of structure–activity relationships. Contact Dermatitis, 69(4), 196-230.
[5]. Ortiz, K.J., Yiannias, J.A. (2004). Contact dermatitis to cosmetics, fragrances, and botanicals. Dermatol Ther. 17,264–71.?
[6]. Pastor-Nieto, M. A., & Gatica-Ortega, M. E. (2021). Ubiquity, hazardous effects, and risk assessment of fragrances in consumer products Current treatment options in allergy, 8, 21-41.
[9]. Scientific Committee on Cosmetic Products and Non‐Food Products Intended for Consumers. (1999). Fragrance allergy in consumers. A review of the problem. Analysis of the need for appropriate consumer information and identification of consumer allergens.
Well done! Hafsa Bashir ??