Why it is So Hard to Categorize AI
Murat Durmus
CEO & Founder @ AISOMA AG | Thought-Provoking Thoughts on AI | Member of the Advisory Board AI Frankfurt | Author of the book "MINDFUL AI" | AI | AI-Strategy | AI-Ethics | XAI | Philosophy
The categorization of artificial intelligence presents a significant challenge due to its rapidly evolving nature, diverse applications, and complex underlying technologies. The need for a coherent classification framework has become paramount as AI systems increasingly integrate into various industries, such as healthcare and finance. Despite attempts to categorize AI based on capabilities- such as narrow AI, general AI, and superintelligent AI - no universally accepted system exists. This lack of consensus has sparked ongoing debates among researchers, ethicists, and policymakers, underscoring the dynamic nature of the field and the importance of their contributions. Historically, the categorization of AI has transformed alongside advancements in technology. The initial focus on simple rule-based systems has evolved into sophisticated deep learning models that can perform complex tasks, complicating efforts to classify these systems effectively.
Frameworks like the OECD AI Classification Framework [1] have been proposed to address these challenges. Yet, they remain insufficient in capturing the nuances of emerging AI technologies and their varied contexts of use.This complexity is further exacerbated by the ethical and philosophical dimensions of AI, which raise critical questions regarding moral responsibility and the potential for bias within AI systems. The potential for bias within AI systems is a significant concern, as it can lead to unfair or discriminatory outcomes. Prominent controversies surrounding AI categorization include the ethical dilemmas posed by its applications, as well as concerns regarding transparency, accountability, and fairness. Critics argue that current frameworks often fall short of addressing these ethical considerations, particularly when evaluating AI's decision-making processes and their societal implications.
AI technologies continue to advance and permeate everyday life; the struggle to categorize them highlights not only the technical difficulties involved but also the broader societal challenges that arise from their deployment.
From a philosophical perspective
The categorization of AI also often intersects with complex philosophical questions regarding ethics, consciousness, and the nature of moral reasoning. Central to these discussions is the critique of frameworks such as the Moral Machine Experiment, identified as deriving normative conclusions from descriptive data. This logical fallacy is famously noted by philosopher David Hume [2]. Critics, such as Hubert Etienne, argue that reliance on social acceptability in determining moral benchmarks overlooks essential ethical principles like fairness and rightness, leading to significant metaethical challenges in evaluating AI ethics. Moral dilemmas have been employed as benchmarks for assessing AI systems' ethical decision-making capabilities. However, this practice may represent a category mistake, where the philosophical purpose of thought experiments is misapplied. These experiments are designed to illuminate moral intuitions or judgments rather than to provide a direct measure of an AI system's moral status. As researchers like Sasha Luccioni have noted, the implications of such misunderstandings can result in dangerous oversights, masking the distinction between a system's decision-making processes and the ethical implications of those decisions. The ethical frameworks guiding AI development must evolve to address these philosophical complexities. It is essential to consider fairness, transparency, accountability, inclusivity, and the long-term societal impacts of AI technologies [3].
For instance, case studies in various domains illustrate that ethical challenges manifest at every stage of the AI optimization process—from data collection to modeling and result interpretation. These insights underscore the need for comprehensive ethical guidelines that ensure AI systems are effective and morally sound. Philosophers like Torrance propose defining artificial ethics as the design of machines that exhibit behaviors indicative of moral status, which aligns closely with human ethical productivity and receptivity [4]. These philosophical inquiries will remain crucial as the field advances, particularly as we approach the complex notion of creating conscious machines. The ethical implications of such endeavors, including the potential for self-aware entities, necessitate a rigorous understanding of ethical design principles and the nature of consciousness itself.
"The more Artificial Intelligence enters our lives, the more essential Ethics & Philosophy become." ~ Murat Durmus
[1] OECD Framework for the Classification of AI systems: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/oecd-framework-for-the-classification-of-ai-systems_cb6d9eca-en.html
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[2] A Category Mistake: Benchmarking Ethical Decisions for AI Systems Using Moral Dilemmas: https://blog.apaonline.org/2022/06/16/a-category-mistake-benchmarking-ethical-decisions-for-ai-systems-using-moral-dilemmas%EF%BF%BC/
[3] Beyond Algorithmic Fairness: A Guide to Develop and Deploy Ethical AI-Enabled Decision-Support Tools: https://arxiv.org/html/2409.11489
[4] Ethics of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-ai/
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2 个月The thing that is glaringly missing here is what the algorithms actually do and what they actually end up doing. Take "bias". Your argument assumes that some kind of bias is baked in AND that it can be corrected. If you're going to have an ethical system, it must be tied to reality. You need to measure this bias, and re-measure after taking remedial action. If the remedial action ends up making the system basically unusable, that's a problem too. I can tell you about an example I ran into where trying to correct for "bias" in LLM outputs made a system actually reinforce the same bias the :LLM was supposedly remediating. It's nice to say we're all against bias. But if we're not considering the real context and mechanisms -- the algorithms and data structures at play, and that we can't just tell them to be different at no cost -- we're just hand wringing at best, and more likely shooting ourselves in the foot.