Arabic-style management, also known as Middle Eastern management, differs from international standard management practices in a number of significant ways (Miller et al, 2000) . However, it's essential to understand that the Middle East represents a highly diverse region where management practices can vary considerably between countries and organizations (Khondker, 2018).
The following are some of the most significant differences that have been observed:
- Hierarchical Structure: In contrast to the shallower organizational structures commonly observed in global management, Middle Eastern management tends to have a more pronounced hierarchical structure (Miller et al, 2000). Typically, the topmost levels of an organization feature centralized decision-making that emphasizes seniority and authority.
- Personal Relationships: In Arabic-style management, the development of personal relationships and trust remains of paramount importance (Alsubaie, 2021) . ?? Business interactions frequently involve extensive socialization and the formation of relationships based on mutual trust and understanding. In decision-making and business negotiations, personal networks and familial ties can have a significant impact ??.
- Consensus-Oriented Decision Making: Typically, Arabic-style management emphasizes a consensus-based approach to decision-making (Alsubaie, 2021). Instead of relying merely on individual decision-makers, concerted efforts are made to involve key stakeholders and reach a consensus ??. This strategy seeks to ensure that decisions garner broad acceptance and support.
- Paternalistic Leadership: The leadership approach of Arabic-style management is frequently paternalistic (Hofstede, 1984) . Managers are expected to provide direction and assistance for their coworkers in a compassionate and protective way ????. This leadership philosophy emphasizes shared responsibilities as well as loyalty between managers and workers ????.
- Long-Term Perspective: It frequently adopts a long-term perspective (Alsubaie, 2021) , placing emphasis on the development of long-lasting connections and sustainable business processes. Maintaining harmony and stability both within the firm and across the larger business landscape is highly prioritized ?.
- Importance of Face-to-Face Communication: Despite the growing influence of technology, ?? face-to-face interaction is still highly valued in business procedures (Miller et al, 2000) . Direct interpersonal contacts make it easier to develop trust and share information. ????
