Understanding the physics of biofilms may just unlock more secrets of the microorganisms' world

Dr Binu Kundukad , SCELSE senior research fellow, a multi-disciplinary researcher with a PhD in physics, gives us her POV on melding physics with the understanding of microorganisms.

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Physics, at its simplest, is defined as the science of matter, motion and energy. Biophysics applies the principles and methods of physics to understand biological systems. Historically, research efforts aimed at deciphering the biofilm matrix have predominantly revolved around its biological aspects. But first, let’s understand what exactly a biofilm matrix is.?

Biofilm matrix

The biofilm matrix is a complex, three-dimensional structure composed of a mixture of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) that surrounds and encases bacterial cells within a biofilm community. This matrix plays a multifaceted role within the biofilm community, serving as a vital nexus for various biological processes. It supports social interactions among microorganisms, facilitating cooperation and resource sharing.

It also provides a platform for biofilm communities to adapt to their surrounding environment, enabling them to thrive in diverse conditions. Perhaps most notably, the biofilm matrix serves as a shield, endowing biofilms with remarkable resistance to chemical agents and antibiotics. Hence, biofilm formation is fundamental to recalcitrant chronic infections.

Physics for deeper insights

However, there is now a paradigm shift as we explore biofilms from a physical perspective. Most biological samples (for example, skin, muscles, tissue, cells, DNA) fall under the category of soft matter material, which possess a unique mechanical property called viscoelasticity (meaning possessing both viscous and elastic behaviour) that is crucial to the performance of their biological functions. The biofilm matrix exhibits a distinctive viscoelastic (slimy) property. This unique property is responsible for emergent properties of biofilms, such as antibiotic resistance. ?

At SCELSE, we delve into the intricate mechanical aspects of biofilms. This means that we examine the mechanical properties to get a deeper insight into how the viscoelastic properties (which are related to the physical structure and characteristics of biofilms) influence biofilm functions. Recognising the intricate interplay between physical and biological factors has yielded a comprehensive understanding of biofilm formation, dynamics, organisation, and functionality.

Physics for impact

Furthermore, we are actively exploring ways to harness the physical attributes of the biofilm matrix for translational applications. Our pursuits encompass the realms of biofilm detection, control, and eradication.

Mechanical characterisation serves as the primary method for evaluating the impact of drugs, particularly those designed to soften the matrix and dismantle biofilm communities. This offers a pathway towards more effective biofilm management, as microbes outside the protection of the matrix are more susceptible to conventional antimicrobial technologies and are more effectively controlled.

This gives us hope for advancing our ability to combat biofilm-related challenges and significantly enhance our capacity to detect, control, and eliminate biofilm communities, marking a promising step forward in addressing complex issues related to biofilm management.