Understanding the Nuances: Technology-Facilitated Gender-Based Violence vs. Online Gender-Based Violence

In the digital age, gender-based violence (GBV) has transcended physical barriers, manifesting itself in novel ways on various technological platforms. Two commonly referred terms that we have come across through LP Digital's helpline are “technology-facilitated gender-based violence” and “online gender-based violence.” While they might seem synonymous at first glance, delving deeper into their implications and manifestations reveals their distinct characteristics.

Defining the Terms:

Technology-Facilitated Gender-Based Violence (TFGBV): This is a broad term that encompasses any act of gender-based violence perpetrated, assisted, or amplified by the use of technology. This might include mobile phones, digital cameras, location tracking devices, or any other technological tools.

Online Gender-Based Violence (OGBV): This is a subset of TFGBV, specifically referring to gender-based violence that takes place on online platforms and services such as social media, forums, and email. It revolves around the use of the internet and related platforms.

Scope of Harm: how far can it go?

TFGBV: The scope of TFGBV can range from using technology to stalk someone (e.g., using location tracking devices) to blackmail (e.g., threatening to leak personal videos or photos). It's a spectrum that includes digital harassment as well as offline acts that are facilitated through technology.

OGBV: OGBV primarily focuses on digital spaces. Examples include online stalking, cyberbullying based on gender, doxing (publicly releasing private information), and sharing intimate images without consent. These acts may not always have a direct offline component, but their repercussions can spill into the offline world.

Manifestations: how it happens

TFGBV: Some common manifestations include:

• Sexting without consent
• Using surveillance technology for intimidation or control
• Manipulating smart home devices to harass or intimidate
• Deploying spyware on phones to monitor activities

OGBV: Common manifestations include:

• Harassment on social media platforms
• Spreading false information or rumors online
• Creating derogatory hashtags or campaigns targeting someone based on their gender
• Revenge porn

Legal Implications:

TFGBV: Given its wider scope, TFGBV often intersects with various laws, both offline and online. Legal consequences might vary based on the technology used and the nature of the act. The Tanzania cyber crime law - section 18 1.a can be used to seek for justice in these cases as the section insists the use of technology to cause emotional distress.

OGBV: While still in its infancy, legislation specifically addressing OGBV is gaining traction but is yet to be included in the ICT policy nor the Cyber crime law in Tanzania. However it is important to note that Many countries are now recognizing online spaces as legitimate places for harassment, leading to the development of laws that target this specific form of abuse and some are even included in the national action plans on ending violence against women.

Preventive Measures and Redress:

TFGBV: Measures to prevent TFGBV could include:

• Educating individuals on the safe use of technology - this can be observed through campaigns like #MitandaoNaSisi and #MitandaoSalama
• Creating robust tech policies that consider gender perspectives - mobilizing and advocacy is an important component to this.
• Advocating for the development of tech tools with built-in safeguards against misuse - we need to do so much more when it comes to tech and platform accountability

OGBV: Measures specific to OGBV might involve:

• Reporting and blocking abusive users on platforms, it starts with SELF.
• Digital literacy programs that address online safety - coordinated by both public and private sector actors
• Online platforms enhancing their moderation practices to detect and act against gender-based abuse

The distinctions between technology-facilitated gender-based violence and online gender-based violence might seem subtle, but recognizing these differences is critical.

Each type demands unique interventions, strategies, and responses. As technology and online platforms continue to evolve, so must our understanding and approach to addressing these deeply interconnected yet distinct forms of gender-based violence.