Diabetes is a chronic health condition that affects how the body processes glucose, a type of sugar that serves as the primary source of energy for our cells. It occurs when there is an issue with the hormone insulin, which is essential for moving glucose from the bloodstream into cells. Without proper insulin function, glucose builds up in the blood, leading to high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia).
- Type 1 Diabetes: This is an autoimmune condition where the body’s immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. People with Type 1 diabetes need daily insulin injections to manage their blood sugar levels. It often develops in childhood or early adulthood.
- Type 2 Diabetes: The most common form, Type 2 diabetes, occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn't produce enough. It is often associated with lifestyle factors such as poor diet, physical inactivity, and obesity, but genetics can also play a role.
- Gestational Diabetes: This type occurs during pregnancy when hormonal changes make it harder for insulin to work effectively. While it usually resolves after childbirth, it increases the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life.
If not managed properly, diabetes can lead to a range of serious health issues:
- Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar): Can cause fatigue, increased thirst, frequent urination, and blurred vision.
- Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Sugar): A potential side effect of insulin or other medications, causing dizziness, confusion, sweating, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness.
- Heart Disease: High blood sugar levels can damage blood vessels, increasing the risk of heart attack and stroke.
- Kidney Damage: Diabetes is a leading cause of chronic kidney disease, as it can harm the delicate filtering systems of the kidneys.
- Nerve Damage (Neuropathy): High glucose levels can injure nerves, leading to pain, tingling, or numbness, especially in the feet.
- Eye Problems: Diabetes increases the risk of conditions like diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and cataracts, which can lead to vision loss.
- Poor Wound Healing: Reduced circulation and nerve damage can slow the healing process, especially in the extremities, increasing the risk of infections.
While diabetes is a lifelong condition, it can be managed effectively with the right strategies:
- Healthy Eating: A balanced diet rich in whole grains, lean proteins, and vegetables helps control blood sugar levels.
- Regular Exercise: Physical activity improves insulin sensitivity and helps maintain a healthy weight.
- Medication and Monitoring: Many people with diabetes use insulin or other medications and regularly monitor their blood sugar levels.
- Routine Check-Ups: Regular visits to healthcare providers help monitor and manage potential complications.
Diabetes is a complex but manageable condition. Understanding its types, causes, and effects on health is the first step toward effective management. With proper care, people with diabetes can lead healthy and fulfilling lives while minimising the risk of complications. By spreading awareness, we can collectively combat the growing impact of this condition worldwide.
