Understand Image File Format in Scientific Publishing

Images are the key items which are required in practically any scientific publication. Despite their so much use, I feel this is the least understood and underestimated subject across the scientific fraternity. The community submits the research articles and the most common review that I see is to "Replace the images with high quality image"!

This is frustrating! if you get the review after 6 months or year. You cant change images. So if majority are facing the issue, I thought why shouldn't I take a step forward and try to explain the fundamental of scientific publications, various file formats, what is vector and raster etc.

You can watch the video below for more information!

Lets first understand Raster vs Vector!

Raster and vector images are two primary types of digital graphics used in computer graphics, design, and illustration. They have distinct characteristics and are suitable for different types of tasks. Let's explore the differences between them:

Raster Images (Bitmap Images):

1. Pixel-Based: Raster images are made up of a grid of individual pixels (short for "picture elements"). Each pixel contains a specific color value, and when these pixels are arranged together, they create the overall image.
2. Resolution Dependent: Raster images have a fixed resolution, which means they have a specific number of pixels per inch (PPI or DPI). Changing the resolution can result in a loss of image quality (pixelation when enlarged or quality loss when reduced).
3. Photographic Realism: Raster images are excellent for capturing photographic realism and intricate details. They are commonly used for photographs and complex, realistic images.
4. Common Formats: Common file formats for raster images include JPEG, PNG, GIF, BMP, and TIFF.

Vector Images:Path-Based:

Vector images are created using mathematical formulas (paths or shapes) to define lines, curves, and colors. They are not resolution-dependent, as they can be scaled up or down without a loss of quality.

1. Scalability: Vector graphics are ideal for tasks that require scalability, such as logos, icons, illustrations, and diagrams. They are commonly used in print media where different sizes are needed.
2. Small File Sizes: Vector files are generally smaller in size compared to high-resolution raster images because they only store mathematical instructions for rendering.
3. Common Formats: Common file formats for vector images include SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics), AI (Adobe Illustrator), EPS (Encapsulated PostScript), and PDF (Portable Document Format with vector elements).

When to Use Raster Images:

• Use raster images when you need to capture photographic detail or complex textures.
• They are suitable for photographs and images with a natural, organic quality.
• Raster images are best for web images, digital art, and images that won't be scaled up significantly.

When to Use Vector Images:

• Use vector images when you need to create logos, icons, or any design that needs to be scalable without quality loss.
• They are perfect for designs that require precise, clean lines and shapes.
• Vector graphics are commonly used in print media, signage, and digital illustrations.

In some cases, a combination of both raster and vector graphics may be used, depending on the specific requirements of a project. For example, you might use a raster image for the main background and vector graphics for overlaying text and icons. Understanding the differences between these two types of images helps designers choose the right format for their specific needs

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