Types of Soil in India
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?Types of Soil in India
Soil: Soil is a naturally occurring body made from minerals, organic constituents, dead and living organisms, air, and water which provide all the nutrients for the growth of plants, and it is classified into horizons of different depths.
The survey of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) in 1953 states that there are eight major groups of Indian soil.
The Eight Types of Soils are as follows:
Alluvial soil:?
This type of soil is mainly found in the states of Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana, UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, etc. In this type of soil, the rich content of lime and potash is available.
Alluvial soil lacks nitrogen and phosphorus in it. Alluvial soil is most suitable for the large variety of rabi and Kharif crops like wheat, rice, sugarcane, cotton, jute, etc.
Alluvial soils are deposited by surface water. These types of soils are found along rivers, in floodplains and deltas, on stream terraces, and in areas called alluvial fans.
These soils are formed differently than other soils, which are made through the long process of rock transformation that often takes millions of years.
Black or Regur Soil:
It is also known as black cotton soil because it is the most suitable soil for cotton yield. These types of soils are rich in nutrients like lime, Iron, Magnesium, alumina, and potash.
These soils are generally poor in phosphorus, nitrogen, and organic matter. These soils are highly clayey and have high water and nutrient holding capacity.
These soils are seen in the Deccan trap region which has basalt spread over the Northwest Deccan plateau. This type of soil is made from lava flows, during volcanic activity lava spreads over large areas, and the black soil formation takes place there.
These types of soils are found in the Deccan plateau in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, valleys of the Krishna, and the Godavari. This soil is best to grow a large variety of rabi and Kharif crops such as wheat, rice, sugarcane, cotton, jute, etc.
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Red soil:?
Red soil is generally found in the region of the eastern and southern part of the Deccan plateau, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, and Southern parts of the Middle Ganga Plain. This soil is rich in Iron and Potash content. This soil lacks Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and humus.
These are suitable for crops like rice, cotton, sugarcane, and pulses.
Laterite:
This is suitable for grown crops such as cashew nuts, tea, coffee, and rubber laterite type of soils are seen in the Karnataka, Kerala, Tamilnadu, Madhya Pradesh, Assam, and Orissa hills. These soils are rich in Iron oxide and potash content. These soils are poor in nutrients such as organic matter, Nitrogen phosphate, and calcium.
Arid and Desert soil:?
These types of soils are found in the region of Western Rajasthan, north Gujarat, and southern Punjab. These soils have a rich amount of Soluble salts and phosphate nutrient content. In these soil Humus, the Nitrogen content is present in poor amounts. This type of soil is used only as drought-resistant and salt-tolerant. Arid and desert soil is useful to grow crops like barley, rape, cotton, millets maize, pulses, etc.
Saline and Alkaline soil:?
These types of soils are generally seen in the region of Western Gujarat, deltas of the eastern coast, and Sundarban areas of West Bengal, Punjab, and Haryana. Saline and Alkaline soil have rich content of Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, etc. This soil is poor in Nitrogen and Calcium content. This type of soil is unfit for agriculture, in this type of soil is not useful for agricultural crops.
Forest and mountain soil:
These soils are developed under forest cover. In India, the total area under forest is 75 Mha. Forest area is generally observed in the states of Himachal Pradesh, Jammu, Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Uttrakhand, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Kerala, and the North-East region.
The climatic conditions and altitude control the types of forest species, the types of the forest, and topography control the kind of soils and their degree of profile development.?
The major soils which are observed in different areas are:
Brown forest and Podzolic: In the region of Northern Himalayas, formed on sand, limestone, conglomerate, granite, gneisses, and schists under a cold humid atmosphere or acidic environmental condition.
Red and Lateritic: In the region of the Deccan Plateau, formed on igneous and metamorphic rocks, basalt, granite, gneisses under tropical atmospheric conditions or slightly acidic, neutral, or basic environmental conditions.