Transmission and distribution

Transmission and distribution systems are the backbone of modern electricity networks, ensuring reliable power delivery from generation sources to consumers. Transmission involves transporting high-voltage electricity over long distances through overhead lines and underground cables. High voltage minimizes energy losses, enhancing efficiency. Substations along the route step up or step down the voltage to maintain optimal transmission conditions.

Distribution begins where transmission ends. It involves stepping down the voltage further using transformers to levels suitable for residential, commercial, and industrial use. Distribution networks include feeders, transformers, and service lines that deliver electricity directly to end-users.

Smart grids are modernizing these systems, integrating renewable energy sources and enabling real-time monitoring to improve reliability and efficiency. Challenges like power losses, aging infrastructure, and demand surges emphasize the need for innovations and upgrades. A robust transmission and distribution system is essential for sustainable energy access and economic development worldwide.