Transition from Realism’s Political Entanglement to Natural Order International Politics

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Transition from Realism’s Political Entanglement to Natural Order International Politics

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Reality is subject to human manipulation; Nature is only created by God.

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Introduction

In the realm of international politics, the theory of realism has long held sway. Realism posits that the international system is anarchic, states are the principal actors, they act primarily in their own self-interest, in a perpetual struggle for and security above all else, are competitive to a fault, and that conflict is inevitable. This perspective, while influential, presents a rather bleak, myopic, and uninspiring view of global and human interactions. There is a compelling argument to be made for a natural order in international relations, which emphasizes cooperation, interdependence, and the inherent tendency of human societies to seek harmony and collective well-being. Natural order remains cognizant of human qualities that have been the driving force of the advancement of humanity such as mindfulness, virtuous leadership, higher consciousness, and compassion. By examining the limitations of realism and highlighting the potential of a natural order approach, this essay aims to redefine the paradigms that govern international politics. It contrasts sharply with the adversarial nature of realism and contends that human societies and states can transcend the power-centric realist paradigm and embrace a cooperative, interdependent, and holistic approach to global affairs.

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Understanding Realism in International Relations

Realism, as a theory, emphasizes the competitive and conflictual side of international relations. It is built on several core assumptions: the international system is anarchic, states are the primary actors, and these states act in their self-interest to ensure survival, often resulting in conflicts and power struggles. Influenced by thinkers like Thomas Hobbes and Hans Morgenthau, Realism portrays international relations as a zero-sum game where one state’s gain is inherently the loss of another.

While realism provides valuable insights into the nature of power politics, it is inherently pessimistic and reductive, failing to account for the complexities of human relationships and the potential for cooperative behavior. By focusing predominantly on competition and conflict, realism tends to overlook the possibilities for cooperation, interdependence, and the benefits of a more integrated global community.

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The Limitations of Realism

While realism provides a part-pragmatic view of international politics, it has several limitations. First and foremost, realism's state-centric focus overlooks the increasing importance of non-state actors, such as international organizations, multinational corporations, and civil society groups, which play crucial roles in global governance. For instance, in the United Nations-World Health Organization where there has been a demonstration that collective action of Private and Public Sectors can address global challenges like the COVID-19 pandemic rather than state actions alone. The increasing role of the private sector in control of the government agencies has created corrupt societies aligning to corporate rather than public interest, and perhaps the state’s security infrastructure as an agency to benefit private interests.

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Secondly, realism's pessimistic view of human nature, which assumes that humans are inherently selfish and power-hungry, fails to account for the numerous instances of altruism, cooperation, and diplomacy that have shaped history. Key Examples of Peaceful Cooperation Amongst Countries and Nationalities to include but are not limited to various Multilateral Institutions where a level of sovereignty is ceded for joint operative efforts that are often driven by a recognition of mutual interdependence and the benefits of collective action, rather than mere calculations of power and security.

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Last but not least, realism often leads to a security dilemma, where the pursuit of power by one state inevitably threatens others, leading to an arms race and increased likelihood of conflict. The Cold War era exemplifies this, where the US and the USSR's pursuit of nuclear superiority brought the world to the brink of nuclear annihilation.

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The Natural Order: A Framework for Eternal Cooperation

?The idea of a natural order in draws from indigenous and philosophical world views and traditions that emphasize balance, interconnectedness, and that human societies have an intrinsic propensity for forming cooperative and harmonious relationships. The natural order in international relations draws on the idea that there are inherent principles and values that incentivize the behavior of states toward cooperation such as mutual respect. One of the core tenets of the natural order is the belief in the interconnectedness of all nations and peoples. This interconnectedness implies that the well-being of one state is linked to the well-being of others, promoting a sense of global solidarity and collective responsibility. ?It argues for long-term stability and peace achieved not through dominance and power but through collaboration and understanding.

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Furthermore, the natural order perspective aligns with the growing body of research in fields such as evolutionary biology and social psychology, which suggests that cooperation and altruism are fundamental aspects of human nature. Studies have shown that humans are inherently social beings who thrive in cooperative environments. This tendency towards cooperation can be extended to the international arena, where states, like individuals, can find ways to coexist peacefully and work towards common goals.

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In addition to the philosophical and scientific underpinnings, practical considerations also support the argument for a natural order in international relations. The interconnected nature of the modern world means that states are increasingly dependent on one another for economic, environmental, and security reasons. Issues such as climate change, pandemics, and transnational terrorism require collective responses, highlighting the need for a cooperative international order.

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The Tenets

1.????? Economic Interdependence and Peace

Economic interdependence is a key pillar of the natural order. The globalization of trade, finance, and communication has created a world where states are economically intertwined. This interdependence acts as a deterrent to conflict, as war and instability disrupt economic ties that are beneficial to all parties involved. Some examples would include:

a.????? The Peace of Kadesh (1259 BCE) between Ancient Kemet and the Hittite Empire is one of the earliest known peace treaties in history, concluded between the Kemet Pharaoh Ramses II and the Hittite King Hattusili III. Both parties decided to establish a treaty that ensured mutual respect, the exchange of prisoners, and the return of fugitives following a violent dispute at Kadesh. This treaty marked a significant step towards diplomatic resolution of conflicts and set a precedent for future international agreements.

b.????? The Silk Road (130 BCE to 1453 CE) was a vast network of trade routes that connected China, Central Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. This ancient highway facilitated not only the exchange of goods, such as silk, spices, and precious metals, but also the transfer of knowledge, culture, technology, and religion. Through these routes, Buddhism spread from India to China, and paper-making techniques traveled from China to the Islamic world and Europe. The Silk Road is a testament to how trade and cultural exchange can foster peaceful interactions and mutual understanding among diverse civilizations.

c.?????? The Chinese Han Dynasty and the European Roman Empire (2nd Century BCE to 3rd Century CE) Although separated by vast distances, they engaged in indirect trade and diplomacy through intermediaries along the Silk Road. Chinese silk became highly prized in Rome, and Roman glassware and precious metals were valued in China. This long-distance exchange facilitated not only economic prosperity but also cultural interactions, contributing to a mutual appreciation and indirect cooperation between these two empires.

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2.????? Human Nature and Altruism

Contrary to the realist assumption that human nature is inherently selfish and competitive, research in psychology and sociology indicates that altruism and cooperation are fundamental aspects of human behavior. ?Realists’ assumptions do not adequately account for the potential for moral progress, learning, and the capacity for empathy among individuals and states. Evolutionary biology suggests that cooperative behavior has been crucial for the survival and success of human societies. This intrinsic propensity for cooperation can be extended to the international arena, where states, recognizing their interconnected destinies, can work together for mutual benefit. Some examples would include:

a.????? The Pharaohs of Ancient Kemet demonstrated altruistic behavior through their public works and humanitarian policies. Notably:

i.????? Pharaoh Djoser (c. 2670 BCE): During his reign, Djoser commissioned the construction of the Step Pyramid at Saqqara, which included storage facilities for grain to help mitigate famines. His efforts to secure food supplies for his people indicate a concern for their well-being.

ii.????? Pharaoh Hatshepsut (c. 1479–1458 BCE): Hatshepsut is known for her extensive building projects, including temples, obelisks, and roads, which provided employment and improved the infrastructure of Kemet. Her reign is often characterized by peace and prosperity, with significant investments in public works that benefited her subjects.

iii.????? Pharaoh Amenhotep III (c. 1386–1353 BCE): Amenhotep III focused on building projects that enhanced the quality of life for Kemet citizens, such as the construction of temples, palaces, and public amenities. His reign was marked by diplomatic efforts and the maintenance of peaceful relations with neighboring states, reflecting a broader concern for regional stability and prosperity.

b.????? Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid Empire (559-530 BCE), the founder of the Achaemenid Empire, is celebrated for his enlightened and humanitarian approach to governance. His policies of tolerance and respect for the cultures and religions of conquered peoples were unprecedented. The Cyrus Cylinder for instance declares his intention to allow religious freedom and to return displaced peoples to their homelands. His benevolent rule set a standard for future leaders and demonstrated an altruistic concern for the welfare of diverse populations within his empire.

c.?????? The Maurya Empire and Hellenistic Kingdoms (4th Century BCE) Emperor Ashoka of the Maurya Empire (India) is noted for his diplomatic relations with the Hellenistic kingdoms following his conversion to Buddhism. Ashoka sent envoys and established embassies to promote cultural and religious exchange. These peaceful interactions facilitated mutual understanding and cooperation, showcasing how diplomatic engagement can lead to shared benefits and the strengthening of international relations.

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3.????? Normative Power and Ethical Leadership

A natural order in international relations also emphasizes the role of normative power and ethical leadership. States and leaders that prioritize ethical considerations, human rights, and global justice can inspire others to follow suit through the promotion of certain values and norms. This concept is often contrasted with coercive diplomacy and power, which relies on military force or economic pressure. Normative power operates through the dissemination of ideas, culture, ethics, and norms that influence other actors’ behaviors and policies. Ethical Leadership involves guiding others based on ethical principles and values. Ethical leaders prioritize integrity, fairness, and the welfare of their followers, and they lead by example to inspire others to uphold similar standards. Ethical leadership is not only about personal morality but also about fostering a culture of ethical behavior within the organization or society. Some examples would include:

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a.????? Ancient Kemet’s Pharaoh Akhenaten (c. 1353–1336 BCE) whose reign is often associated with a period of artistic and cultural flourishing, reflecting his ethical vision of truth and naturalism. The Amarna art style, which emerged during his reign, depicted the royal family in a more realistic and intimate manner, breaking away from the idealized representations of earlier periods. This move can be seen as an ethical stance on truth and authenticity.

b.????? Pharaoh Hatshepsut (c. 1479–1458 BCE) was one of the few female pharaohs, who exercised normative power by challenging gender norms and establishing her legitimacy as a ruler. She adopted the full regalia and titles of a pharaoh, including depicting herself as a male in statues and reliefs, thereby redefining the expectations of female leadership and creating a precedent for future women in power. Her reign was marked by peace, prosperity, and extensive building projects that benefited her people. Her expedition to Punt, a trading partner, emphasized peaceful trade and mutual prosperity rather than conquest. Her focus on infrastructure and temple-building also provided employment and stimulated the economy, reflecting a commitment to the welfare of her subjects.

c.?????? Maurya’s Emperor Ashoka (c. 268–232 BCE) embraced Buddhism and promoted it as a state religion, spreading its teachings across his empire and beyond. His edicts, inscribed on pillars and rocks, advocated for dharma (moral law), non-violence, tolerance, and compassion, setting a normative framework that influenced both his subjects and neighboring regions. His conversion to Buddhism and his subsequent policies reflects a profound commitment to ethical governance. He established hospitals, veterinary clinics, and rest houses, and promoted social welfare programs. His emphasis on moral and ethical conduct, both personally and as a state policy, underscored his vision of a just and compassionate leadership.

d.????? Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius (161–180 CE) a Stoic philosopher, used his writings and actions to promote Stoic principles, emphasizing duty, rationality, and the common good. His book "Meditations" has influenced countless individuals and leaders on the importance of self-discipline, virtue, and ethical behavior. He is renowned for his ethical approach to leadership. The emperor prioritized the welfare of his people, demonstrated humility, and managed the empire with a focus on justice and the common good. His reign was marked by efforts to reform the legal system and provide aid during plagues and natural disasters.

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4.????? Cultural and Social Exchange

Beyond economic and institutional frameworks, the natural order also emphasizes the importance of cultural and social exchange. People-to-people connections, educational exchanges, and cultural diplomacy contribute to mutual understanding and respect among nations. Though the programs remain poorly funded by governments across the world, this space has the greatest potential for human societies to authentically learn from each other within their own contexts, languages, and expressions.? The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), established in 1972, designates World Heritage Sites to protect and preserve cultural and natural heritage around the world. By recognizing and promoting these sites, UNESCO fosters a sense of shared global heritage and responsibility. Educational programs and cultural exchanges centered around these sites encourage appreciation and respect for different cultures, civilizations, and histories, contributing to global peace and cooperation.

• Global Awareness: Highlighting sites of cultural significance fosters global awareness and appreciation of diverse heritages.
• Tourism and Education: Sites attract tourists and scholars, facilitating cultural exchange and understanding.
• International Cooperation: Collaborative efforts to preserve and protect these sites enhance international cooperation and respect for cultural diversity.

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5.????? Natural Balance and Reciprocity

The concept of natural order draws from ecological principles where balance and reciprocity are essential for the sustainability of any system. This idea draws significant parallels from ecological principles, where the health and stability of ecosystems depend on the harmonious interactions among various species and their environment. Just as balance and reciprocity are vital in nature, they are equally crucial in the international system. Symbiotic relationships, such as mutualism, where both parties benefit, highlight the importance of cooperation. An example would include Bees and flowering plants, where bees pollinate flowers while collecting nectar, ensuring plant reproduction, and providing food for themselves. This reciprocal relationship maintains ecological balance and biodiversity.

In ecosystems, resource sharing through reciprocal interactions helps maintain stability. Animals and plants often engage in reciprocal relationships, ensuring mutual survival. For instance, in coral reefs, cleaner fish eat parasites off larger fish. The larger fish get cleaned, while the cleaner fish receive food. This reciprocity maintains the health of fish populations and the reef ecosystem.

a.????? Ma'at (The Principle of Balance and Reciprocity) was the ancient Kemet concept of truth, order, justice, morality, law, balance, and harmony. Ma'at was both a goddess and the cosmic principle she represented. Ma'at was believed to regulate the stars, seasons, and actions of both mortals and deities. Maintaining Ma'at was crucial for the stability of the cosmos, society, and personal life. The pharaoh was considered the earthly representative of Ma'at and was responsible for upholding these principles. Ensuring justice, harmony, and balance in society were seen as the primary duties of the ruler.

b.????? Religious Festivals and Offerings were crucial in maintaining the favor of the gods and ensuring the continued balance of the natural world. Festivals were held to honor various deities, often linked to agricultural cycles and natural phenomena. For example, the Festival of Opet was a major event that celebrated the rejuvenation of the pharaoh’s power, reflecting the reciprocal relationship between the gods, the ruler, and the people. Regular offerings were made to the gods in temples to maintain Ma'at. These offerings were a form of reciprocity, where humans provided for the gods, who in return maintained the order of the universe.

c.?????? Architecture and Environmental Harmony in Ancient Kemet often reflected a deep respect for the natural environment and cosmic balance. The constructions of pyramids and temples for instance were aligned with celestial bodies, emphasizing Kemet’s understanding of their place within the cosmos. The precise alignment with stars and solstices demonstrated a harmonious balance between human construction and natural order. The building materials were often sourced locally, and construction techniques were designed to work with the natural landscape rather than against it, showing respect for natural balance and resources.

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Conclusion: Moving Beyond Realism is a Necessary Detachment

While realism provides some valuable insights into the dynamics of power and conflict, it is insufficient as a singular framework for understanding and guiding international relations. The natural order perspective offers a more holistic and humanistic view, emphasizing the potential for cooperation, interdependence, and ethical governance. Critics of the natural order perspective may argue that it may fail to account for the realities of power politics. However, recognizing the potential for cooperation does not mean ignoring the existence of conflict. Instead, it involves acknowledging that while competition and conflict are part of human existence and relations, they are not the only or even the dominant forces. By emphasizing cooperation and interdependence, the natural order approach provides a more balanced and hopeful vision of international relations.

This shift is not only desirable but essential for addressing the complex and interconnected challenges of the 21st century. Moreover, the interconnected nature of modern global challenges—such as climate change, pandemics, and illegal immigration—demands cooperative solutions. These issues cannot be effectively addressed through unilateral state actions or power struggles. Instead, they require collective efforts, resource sharing, and mutual trust. The COVID-19 pandemic, for example, highlighted the necessity for global cooperation in sharing information, resources, and vaccines to combat a common threat. As we navigate an increasingly interdependent complex world, embracing this natural order, rather than clinging to the incomplete and cynical outlook of realism, is essential for addressing the pressing challenges of the 21st century.

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