TRANSIT SAFETY CULTURE: WHITE SUPREMACY, SYSTEMIC RACISM, AND CULTURAL CONDITIONING
- TRANSIT SAFETY CULTURE: WHITE SUPREMACY, SYSTEMIC RACISM, AND CULTURAL CONDITIONING
BY
?
LEVERN MCELVEEN
Introduction
August Wilson, an African American Playwright, author of a cycle of 10 plays, each set-in different decades of the 20th century, all about African American life, during a period of white supremacy, systemic racism, and the era of Jim Crow laws, has been defined as a man behind the legacy. August Wilson won Pulitzer Prizes for two of his plays, Fences in 1987 and The Piano Lesson in 1990. August Wilson also wrote Jitney 1982, Ma Rainey's Black Bottom 1984, Joe Turner’s Come and Gone 1984, Two Train Running 1991, Seven Guitars 1995, King Hedley 1999, Gem of the Ocean 2003, and Radio Golf 2005.
Growing up in an impoverished neighborhood in the Hill District of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, the complexity of Wilson’s experience of race and racism while growing up would be expressed loudly in the language of his plays. August Wilson stated, "I think the blues is the best literature that we as blacks have created since we've been here. I call it our 'sacred book. What I have attempted to do is to mine that field, to mine those cultural ideas and attitudes and give them to my characters.”
August Wilson is again quoted, “I write the black experience in America, and contained within that experience because it is a human experience, all in the universalities.” It is this human experience that screams in his plays. As one who has seen eight of August Wilson's plays, I can identify with the depth and brevity of his knowledge of white supremacy and the Jim Crow era in each of those eight plays. Wilson's plays demonstrate the extent of systemic racism and the significant impact racism has on its victims, individually and collectively.
August Wilson attended St. Richard's Parochial School and then progressed to Central Catholic High school in 1959. In the era of Jim Crow laws and stark prejudice against African Americans, August Wilson faced hostility and harassment that forced him to transfer to two other high schools during his freshman year and eventually drop out of Gladstone High School in the 10th grade in 1960 after his teacher accused him of plagiarizing a 20-page paper he wrote on Napoleon I of France. Undaunted by his troubled high school experience, August Wilson continues his education informally at the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh and on the Hill district's streets by soaking in its people's language and the culture of his community.
For example, in August Wilson’s play Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom, recently aired on Netflix as a movie, the trumpet player, played by the late Chadwick Boseman dream of becoming a bandleader and writing his music was disappointed when the white record label executive took his music, denied him the opportunity to record, recorded his music with an all-white orchestra, without his consent, or paid him any royalty. Chadwick Boseman's character reacted to the disappointment by stabbing to death his fellow band member for stepping on his new shoes. The musician's death was not caused by the mistake of stepping on the character's new shoes; instead, the death was caused by the pains of disappointments from white supremacy and systemic racism in America.
August Wilson uses great care and concern as he pinned his many plays reflecting on the cultural conditioning behavior on the part of African Americans based on white supremacy and systemic racism in America, especially those plays that won Pulitzer prizes.
White Supremacy/Systemic Racism
To understand white supremacy, one must understand American history. America abolished chattel slavery but quickly instituted peonage, Jim Crow, and mass incarceration; it extended civil rights then proceeded to erode them, especially voting rights; it ended legal segregation but preserved widespread de facto segregation in schools, housing, and jobs; and despite initiating affirmative action, allowed employment discrimination and vast economic inequality to persist (Smith 2020).
Because the power structure has always refused to acknowledge the institution of white supremacy, many people do not believe it exists, and most people are confused about what the term even means. Toxic as such beliefs are, white supremacy is not merely the individual delusion of being superior to Black people. Institutionalized white supremacy does not need personal bigotry to function because it is a universal operating system that relies on entrenched patterns and practices to consistently disadvantage people of color and privilege whites (Smith 2020).
In her article titled "The problem is white supremacy." Barbara Smith cites, "Systemic racism conveys the pervasiveness of racial oppression, but white supremacy goes further by indicating that there is a rigid nexus of power that protects and enforces it." Simply, it structures inequities. Structural inequality is a system of white privilege created by institutions within an economy.
Gayook Wong's article "Racism Goes Way Beyond White Supremacy" defines racism as Systemic racism is one group having power over another based-on skin color. Systemic racism gives the group in power the legal, political, and social sanctions to prevent the lower group from equal access to goods and services afforded to the former.
Systemic racism is defined as individual and group level processes and structures implicated in the production of racial inequality.” Systemic racism happens when groups carry out these structures or processes with power, such as governments, businesses, schools, health, criminal justice, labor, or other organizations on a particular group of people. And all these institutions impact African Americans and people of color's daily lives and socialization.
These institutions include law, business practices, and government policies, education, health care, housing, transportation, and the media. They are powerful socializing agents that defines what African Americans can achieve within society. Despite the hand-wringing that occurs when the nation’s racial value system gets exposed, usually by unspeakable acts of violence, the reality is that this country has never done anything to eradicate the root cause of these atrocities, white supremacy, and systemic racism.
Racism continues in the United States because it is, in some cases, hidden, especially at the Federal, state, and local levels in elected power. Legislators who have the wherewithal to establish and execute policies that cause inequality in housing, banking, and transportation, based on skin color (Read Color of Law by Richard Rothstein and The Color of Money: Black Banks and the Racial Wealth Gap by Mehrsha Baradaran). Due to both overt and covert systemic racism, inequities and inequalities can thrive because there is formal and informal segregation in the hierarchy's upper echelons.
According to experts, racism can have a lifelong implication on African Americans' mental health, indigenous, and people of color. Systemic and institutional racism exists in all aspects of life and impacts the above groups’ access to housing, healthcare, job opportunities, food security, wealth, mental health, and overall wellbeing (Pridgett, 2021).
The entertainment industry is obsessed with white supremacy and systemic racism. So too is the educational establishment, housing, banking, transit/transportation, National Football League (NFL), and government. More than a half-century after the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, white supremacy and systemic racism still permeates every corner of the country. According to the New York Times’ 1619 Project, racism is in the very DNA of America.
Even after the Jim Crow era, we thought, Michelle Alexander introduced African Americans, indigenous, and people of color to the New Jim Crow. In this New York Times bestseller, Michelle Alexander argues that the war on drugs has created a new racial caste system, disproportionately punishing black people. A powerfully interlocking system of laws and policies targets black people for a drug crime penalizes them more severely than white criminals and makes life extremely difficult for ex-felons. The result is effectively racial subjugation and disenfranchisement by housing young African American males, which significantly impacted Black families (Alexander, 2010).
Barbara Smith asked a profound question regarding the problem of systemic racism and white supremacy. What would happen if we began an honest national dialogue about the disaster of white supremacy? What if we consistently used the words "white supremacy" so that everyone would have accurate language for conceptualizing what is going on? The way we describe this problem matters. For example, systemic racism clearly conveys the pervasiveness of racial oppression, but white supremacy goes further by indicating that there is a rigid nexus of power that protects and enforces it.
What if there were informational campaigns to develop shared understandings about the ways white supremacy infiltrates every facet of life in the United States: policing, courts, prisons, health care, education, transportation, housing, the economy, the environment, religion, science, technology, the arts, sports, and more. Minneapolis City Councilor Andrea Jenkins has called for racism to be declared a public health emergency. What if there were public service announcements, like those we have seen during the pandemic, that provided data, cultural resources, and historical context about the many dimensions of systemic white supremacy as well as steps for challenging it (Smith, 2020)?
What if we launched an initiative on the Marshall Plan scale or the space race to eradicate white supremacy? What if experts led it with the most detailed knowledge of how white supremacy, in tandem with racial capitalism, operates — that is, poor and working-class people of color? What if these experts partnered with researchers, advocates, and practitioners to provide exhaustive documentation, analysis, and comprehensive recommendations for ending the scourge of white supremacy once and for all? What if? (Smith, 2020).
President Joe Biden cites, "We have a lot to root out, but most of all the systemic racism that most of us whites don’t like to acknowledge even exists. There’s something we have to admit—not you, me white America—has to admit there’s still systemic racism.” Elizabeth Warren wants to root out systemic racism: “We must recognize the systemic discrimination that infects our country, and we must work actively everywhere, affects everything. Warren maintains that "race has permeated our justice system” and “our crisis of environmental injustice is the result of decades of discrimination and environmental racism.”
Pete Buttigieg maintains that “We are by no means even halfway done dealing with systemic racism in this country.” He asserts that “system racism and white supremacy in particular…is the force that is most likely to destroy America.” His website proposes “a comprehensive and intentional dismantling of racist structures and systems.” As we now know, Mayor Pete Buttigieg has been named the Secretary of the Department of Transportation.
After more than five centuries, there is much work to be done. Until this moment, I have had little reason to believe that it ever would be. But millions of people of all races and backgrounds in the street’s day after day after the George Floyd murder shouting that they are fed up with America's racial status quo and demanding change gives me cause for hope (Smith, 2020). We have had racial reckoning in this country in many forms. It is time for all of us to take a stance by better understanding the significant impact white supremacy and systemic racism have on African Americans, indigenous, and people of color.
Disappointment: A Feeling of Dissatisfaction
One of the many driving factors expound in August Wilson's plays is the disappointments and dissatisfaction experienced by African Americans, indigenous, and people of color impacted by white supremacy and systemic racism. August Wilson delivered the keynote address at the 11th Bi-Annual Theatre Communications Group National Conference, June 26, 1996, at New Jersey’s Princeton University. He cited the following:
We did not sit on the sidelines while the immigrants of Europe, through hard work, skill, cunning, guile, and opportunity, built America into an industrial giant of the 20th century. It was our labor that provided the capital. It was our labor in the shipyards and the stockyards and the coal mines and the steel mills. Our work built the roads and the railroads. And when America was challenged, we strode on the battlefield, our boots strapped on and our blood left to soak into the soil of places whose names we could not pronounce, against an enemy whose only crime was ideology. We left our blood in France and Korea and the Philippines and Vietnam, and our just reward has been the deprivation of possibility and the denial of our moral personality.
The furious behaviors of white supremacy and systemic racism have taken place throughout history and have caused pains and disappointment for African Americans, indigenous, and people of color throughout the diaspora. Kets de Vries states in his article Dealing with Disappointment, he cites, “Expectation is the root of all heartache.” The quote recognizes that when African Americans, indigenous, and people of color experience disappointment, their hopes and expectation are out of line with reality. African Americans are angry, sad, and betrayed by blows from white supremacy/systemic racism that made us feel discouraged, despair, and defeated.
Due to white supremacy and systemic racism, some African Americans, indigenous, and people of color seek to avoid disappointment by turning into underachievers. They unconsciously set the bar low and avoid taking risks to prevent themselves or others from being disappointed. They have decided that the best strategy is not to have high expectations about systemic racism and white supremacy without realizing it. Additionally, it also leads to a mediocre and unfulfilled life. Disappointment is what I have seen in all eight of August Wilson’s plays.
For example, in August Wilson play Fences, played by the amazing actor Denzel Washington. Denzel Washington character was an excellent baseball player in the Negro League. His batting averages exceeded that of many white players in the major league. Yet, he could not play baseball in the major league. However, his wife, played by Viola Davis, another outstanding actress, attempted to convince him that when he was playing baseball, the major league was not allowing Blacks to play and when they did, he was too old to be drafted.
Nevertheless, Denzel Washington was disappointed that he could not play in the major league but put forth efforts to persuade his son not to pursue a football career because he too would-be disappointed, based again on white supremacy and system racism. This disappointment caused deep-seated conflicts within the Black family and communities.
On a long flight to Hong Kong in 2017, I was sitting behind a white team member and noticed he was watching August Wilson play Fences, made into a movie. Later in the flight, I asked the team member his thoughts/opinions of the film. He answers by saying, "great acting." I agreed with him; the acting was great by Denzel Washington, Viola Davis, and the other cast members. He had nothing to say about the storyline of the movie. I do not believe he connected with the significant feeling of disappointment and the character's dissatisfaction.
The sense of futility and bewilderment becomes too much to bear for many African Americans, indigenous, and people of color, and, as a result, many suffer from depression and other forms of mental illness from the impact of white supremacy and systemic racism. The American Medical Association has declared racism to be a public health threat. What is worse, if these feelings are not expressed, they are insidious or happen all the time, they can have lasting physical effects on the body, also known as psychosomatic symptoms, such as high blood pressure, digestive problems, and body aches, according to Dr. Reshawna Chapple.
Dr. Reshawna Chapple further states, “Because when you have certain types of feelings running through you like adrenaline, or the things that come from fear, the things that come from hypervigilance, those things change the chemicals in your body. Physically, yes, racism is and can be extremely dangerous.”
Culture Conditioning
Joe Madison, the talk show host, known on Sirius XM Radio as “The Black Eagle,” says, "We, African Americans, Are Culturally Conditioned.” What is cultural conditioning? Joe Madison defines it as “Cultural Conditioning is the social process in which authority figures such as…professors, politicians, religious leaders, peers, and the media define our culture values, beliefs, ethical systems, and ultimately the way we perceive ourselves in the world.”
According to Joe Madison, “In America, we are culturally conditioned to believe, that White is superior, Black is inferior, and the manifestation of that cultural conditioning is that Black people are undervalued, underestimated and marginalized. It is not a racist statement. It's a fact of life." It is most beneficial for African Americans to become aware of their cultural conditioning. Say it a different way; it is helpful to become aware of your programming. Awareness allows you to observe your activity, let go of it, and offer you choices.
Others have defined cultural conditioning in the same context. “Cultural Conditioning is defining as the social process in which authority figures such as parents, professors, politicians, religious leaders, peers, and the media define cultural values, beliefs, ethical systems, and ultimately the way we perceive ourselves in the world. Cultural Conditioning can prevent people from critical thinking.”
Culture conditioning encompasses our world view, regardless of how large are how limited, the way you think, how you speak, the way you act, religious beliefs, what you consider right and wrong, what you eat, and how you dress. We have all been culturally conditioned at many levels, simply because many of us lack the self-awareness to recognize that systemic racism and white supremacy govern our conditioning.
To this end, many African Americans are blinded by ignorance and habits, totally unaware of our conditioning. Like a strong wind can shape a dune, the environment in which one grows up shapes one's personality. We were not born with cultural conditioning behaviors. Cultural conditioning is a learned behavior from authority figures such as parents, politicians, leaders, peers, and media. These individuals and institutions define our cultural values, beliefs, and ethical systems in the way we perceive Blacks in this country.
According to Dr. Cortney S. Warren, systemic racism and white supremacy continue to have incredibly harmful consequences on the psychological, physical, and spiritual health of the oppressed, African Americans, indigenous, and people of color. When a cultural reality is etiologically tied to illness, we have a responsibility to fight it. Although changing culture is a massive task, it starts with each of us being willing to dismantle systems of oppression and our role in maintaining them. It begins with honest self-examination and a willingness to see some ugly truths that need to change—in our minds, community, country, and world.
Glenn Harris, president of Race Forward and publisher of Color lines, defined racism as "the complex interaction of culture, policy, and institutions that holds in place the outcomes we see in our lives." Structural racism prevents or makes it more challenging for people of color to participate in society and the economy. While structural racism manifests itself in what appears to be separate institutions, Harris emphasized that factors like housing insecurity, the racial wealth gap, education, and policing are intimately connected (Yancey-Bragg, 2021)
Racism is related to low-self-esteem. Racism is a social construct that is negative in all aspects of social interaction, social systems, and social construct. The way that beliefs, ideology, norms, and values are shaped becomes distorted and deviant in a racist social structure (Read the Broken Ladder by Keith Payne). The very fact that racism involves comparing one's superiority to another's inferiority, whether on an individual or group basis, makes it a zero-sum game where one must be denied while the other receives some form of gain. Someone loses in a situation where racism is introduced.
I agree with Joe Madison that we have all been culturally conditioning because of 400 years of oppression caused by white supremacy and systemic racism. Some African Americans who are “successful” remain in a cultural conditioning mindset because they are under the impression their success is based on their hard work, education, and investment. They will go out of their way to harm other Blacks if they think this will make them look good before whites.
Derrick Bell, the author of the book “Faces at the Bottom of the Well,” cites it matters not who you are in these United States; as an African American, you are subject to racism. Many successful African Americans have not interpreted the message from the late Derrick Bell, and too many give permanence to injustice, even though these same African Americans face microaggressions daily (Read Defining Moments of a Free Man from a Black Stream by Dr. Frank L. Douglas.)
Unaddressed cultural conditioning causes African Americans to disrespect and view African Americans in a different light than they view whites. As part of the battle for the "Soul of America, this behavior needs to change. African Americans must realize that we have a 400-year history of oppression, and wherever they are in life, they did not get there on their own. We must continue to practice the African proverb “Each one must teach one,” and “It takes a village to raise a child.”
Transit Safety Culture
So, I have read this article on Transit Safety Culture: White Supremacy, Systemic Racism, and Cultural Conditioning. What does this article have to do with transit safety culture? First, thank you for reading the article to this point. The answer is everything! Safety is everything we do in a transit environment, and frontline workers deal with emotional trauma. Transit first-line employees are predominantly African Americans and people of color across the transit industry. The structural inequities are not by accident; transit leadership was responsible for structural inequality, and these structural inequities still hold today in the transit industry.
As stated in other articles, I have advocated for developing and implementing a sustainable safety culture in the transit industry for more than 20 years through presentations at safety & security conferences, construction roundtables, education, training, and development, writing safety culture study proposals, several published articles on safety culture development, and one-on-one meetings with transit leaders across the industry on the benefit of safety culture development and implementation. Yet, transit senior leadership has not heard or received the safety message primarily because they have no relevant connection to the importance of real safety in the transit environment related to workplace safety experience.
However, now is the time for a reckoning. Transit leaders must come together and develop and implement a sustainable safety culture in the transit industry. Congress must become more accountable for transit safety. Simply, responding to requests for funding because transit is part of the national infrastructure is not enough. Congress must demand accountability for a safety culture, which protects frontline workers before, during, and post any pandemic.
In Porter Braswell's podcast, Race at Work, he interviewed Ed Bastian, CEO of Delta Airlines, a Fortune 500 company. The podcast was titled Delta CEO Ed Bastian: Taking A Stand on Racial Equity. Ed Bastian begins the interview by reflecting on his past. He was born in a small town in New York and grew up in a family of nine; he is the oldest, under strong family values, primarily set by his mother. Growing up in a small town, he knew nothing about “white privilege.” However, he did say he learned later in life that he had privileges that others did not have. He further stated, “If I were not a white male, I would not be where I am today.” He noted that hard work, commitment, consistency, and investment played a significant role in his success.
Ed Bastian stated that Delta is a Fortune 500 company in Atlanta, GA, and the largest employer. He noted that diversity is a big tent that includes gender, race, transgender, and ethnicity. He said that Delta had not addressed the problem of inclusion as well. African Americans represent 20% of employees, yet only 7% are represented in senior leadership. African Americans make up 15% of the ground crew, 90% of pilots are white, and IT is underrepresented. When asked the rationale behind the lack of inclusion, he stated the pathway is the primary challenge.
Ed Bastian stated that after the George Floyd murder, he began a campaign talking with other Fortune 500 companies’ leaders about racism in the workplace. He asked the question; how we got here. CEOs do not see themselves as racist people. He wrote a memo that was distributed organization-wide without Board approval. Ed Bastian cited a CEO must understand the organization's culture, values, norms, and diversity. If not, the leader will soon lose his voice. He believed that it was the right thing to do. It is good business. The memo was presented to the Board with widespread acceptance. If the Board had rejected his memo and his position on the social issue, he stated it would be time to move on.
Peter Braswell asked the question, since August, what has changed at Delta? Ed Bastian stated a lot has changed. We are making changes and being transparent because all eyes are on us, and we want those eyes on us. First, he stated, "We must own the truth, the vulnerability, the feedback, and the problem. We must begin conversations, and those conversations must be real, and we must learn from each other." He stated, "I made it clear that we will expand the African American representation on the Board. I instructed the recruitment agent to look for specifically African American candidates."
Ed Bastian started having key people come in and speak on multiple topics at the leadership town hall meetings on issues such as diversity and inclusion, health. He has moved people around and added new leaders based on conversations and needs. He started discussions with the frontline employees. He stated, "The first couple of meetings were stiffed, but now the sessions are outstanding. I have learned so much from the frontline employees, and employees are taking his message back to other employees."
The frontline meetings occur every six weeks, and employees are opening and feeling free to come to him with even personal issues. For example, he received a letter from a Black pilot who had a relative killed during a Black Lives Matter issue. The employees had pinned up emotions, but he felt free to write him because of the changes at Delta.
The final question was, how do you prioritize conversation regarding race along with the other priorities at Delta? Ed Bastian stated that at Delta, "I have external and internal decisions that must be made daily. My primary focus is on the internal decision. In operation, we put 6,000 planes in the air every day, and we must land them safely. Safety is our # 1 priority. To put those planes in the air and land them safely requires a large technical support team; this is the area we must develop critical pathways for employees."
I offer kudos to Ed Bastian for his actions post-George Floyd's murder; however, the model he has put in place is not a one-time activity, but rather a cycle of continuous re-evaluation and improvement and must be institutionalized if Delta is to achieve real racial balance. Frontline workers are genuine, and they are capable of deciphering authentic leadership messaging from symbolism. One of the profound acts by Ed Bastian was to personally meet regularly with frontline workers (every six weeks) and listen to their challenges, then make the necessary changes that employees recommended.
Ed Bastian's model at Delta is one that transit industry leaders should develop and implement to create a sustainable transit safety culture. Transit leaders do not know about emotional traumas suffer by frontline employees or genuinely do not care, which I have cited in other articles. Transit senior leaders must begin to listen and take positive actions to address first-line workers' concerns.
With the onset of a new administration, President Biden has signed several Executive Orders that will begin examining white supremacy and systemic racism practices. President Biden has named Susan Rice to run the White House Domestic Policy Council. In her position, Rice will play a large role in implementing Biden's Build Back Better agenda, a wide-ranging set of policy proposals that would invest trillions of dollars in American infrastructure and manufacturing, clean energy, caregiving, education, and racial equity. I will write to Susan Rice and others on the need for transit leaders to develop and implement a sustainable safety culture.
Summary
Deep insecurities exist in America and in American workplaces, and we must begin to build multiple racial societies to address these insecurities and our current reality. Researchers must examine white supremacy and systemic racism, and African Americans must double down on addressing race, racism, and white supremacy to move forward in the transit industry. The question of race is a detriment in this country. America was built on lies, and these lies continue to be perpetuated in the body politic. Our democracy is fractured (domestic terrorism on January 6, 2021) to the extent that we do not know the difference between a lie and the truth. Where do we go from here?
We must begin to have conversations as suggested by Barbara Smith, which so many leaders at all levels fail to do. We must hear and feel the values, norms, concerns, and messages of others, especially in the workplace. These messages must be clear, concise, and consistent if we are to be successful. We must build a multi-racial society that respects the values, norms, and concerns of others so that we can begin to see the real world. Currently, we live in bubbles in America. We must seek ways to have conversations and to listen to others to hear and respect their voices. For example, we can begin to subscribe to progressive podcasts, listen to conservative talk radio, and seek news from multiple media outlets and others to help build better resilience.
In the current political climate, there appears to be genuine support for solving race-related employment challenges by focusing on the job training and education—in other words, increasing human capital to improve access and pathways for African Americans, indigenous, and people of color. Given the extensive research on white supremacy and systemic racism, it is also essential to consider creating a better workplace for minority professionals and non-professionals already in positions.
People must rise and stamp out white supremacy and systemic racism practices to assure that these executive orders are not just band-aids and half measures, thus ensuring that white supremacy remains intact. Until this nation confronts white supremacy and commits to demolishing it brick by brick, police brutality, vigilante violence, and rampant inequality will continue, and the transit industry will remain without a sustainable safety culture.
References
Alexander, Michelle. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: [Jackson, Tenn.]: New Press; Distributed by Perseus Distribution, 2010.
Bell, A, (1992) Faces at the Bottom of the Well, The Permanence of Racism, Basic Book, A Division of HarperCollins Publishers
Buttigieg, P. (2021), Cited in “Rooting Out Systemic Racism and White Supremacy”https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/rooting-out-systemic-racism-and-white-supremacy/
Biden, J. (2021), Cited in “Rooting Out Systemic Racism and White Supremacy”https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/rooting-out-systemic-racism-and-white-supremacy/
How Racism is Related to Low self Esteem, Actforlibraries.org Actforlibraries.org
Jenkins, A. Cited in Smith, B. (2020), The Problem is White Supremacy, https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/06/29/opinion/problem-is-white-supremacy/ Retrieved on January 25, 2021.
Kets de Vries, M. (2018) Dealing with Disappointment, Harvard Business Review, https://www.hbr.org
Kirsanow, P. (2020) Rooting Out Systemic Racism and White Supremacy, https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/rooting-out-systemic-racism-and-white-supremacy/ Retrieved on January 25, 2021
Madison, J. (2016) Are You Cultural Conditioned? https://jackie4morgan.com/ Retrieved on January 25, 2021
Pridgett, T. (2021) Racism Can Have Lifelong Implications on the Mental Health of BIPOC, According to Experts, https://chroniclefashion.com, Retrieved on January 25, 2021.
Smith, B. (2020), The Problem is White Supremacy, https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/06/29/opinion/problem-is-white-supremacy/ Retrieved on January 25, 2021.
Ibid
Ibid
Warren, C. (2020), Unconscious Racism: Understanding how cultural conditioning shapes racial bias can help us change. Unconscious Racism | Psychology Today, Retrieved on January 26, 2020
Warren, E., (2020), Cited in “Rooting Out Systemic Racism and White Supremacy”https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/rooting-out-systemic-racism-and-white-supremacy/.
Wilson, A. August Wilson: Renowned African American Playwright, Black Then | August Wilson: Renowned African American Playwright
Wilson, August, The Ground on Which I Stand, https://www.americantheatre.org/2016/06/20
Wong, G. (2020) Racism Goes Way Beyond White Supremacy, https://www.psychologytoday.com, Retrieved on January 25, 2021
Yancey-Bragg, N. (2021), What is systemic racism? Here is what it means and how you can help dismantle it | Circle around, USA Today.