Timeline of snowflake research

Timeline of snowflake research

BC to 1900

1901 to 2000

  • 1901 - Wilson Bentley publishes a series of photographs of individual snowflakes in the Monthly Weather Review.
  • 1903 - Svante Arrhenius describes crystallization process in Lehrbuch der Kosmischen Physik.
  • 1904 - Helge von Koch discover the fractal curves to be a mathematical description of snowflakes.
  • 1931 - Wilson Bentley and William Jackson Humphreys publish Snow Crystals
  • 1936 - Ukichiro Nakaya creates snow crystals and charts the relationship between temperature and water vapor saturation, later called the Nakaya Diagram.
  • 1938 - Ukichiro Nakaya publishes Snow ()
  • 1949 - Ukichiro Nakaya publishes Research of snow (雪の研究Yuki no kenkyu)
  • 1952 - Marcel R. de Quervain et al. define ten major types of snow crystals, including hail and graupel in IUGG for the Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research.
  • 1954 - Harvard University Press publishes Ukichiro Nakaya's Snow Crystals: Natural and Artificial.
  • 1960 - Teisaku Kobayashi (小林禎作Kobayashi Teisaku), verifies and improves the Nakaya Diagram with the Kobayashi Diagram.
  • 1962 - Cyoji Magono (孫野長治Magono Cyōji) describes meteorological sorting of snow crystal types in clouds.
  • 1979 - Toshio Kuroda (黒田登志雄Kuroda Toshio) and Rolf Lacmann, of the Braunschweig University of Technology, publish Growth Mechanism of Ice from Vapour Phase and its Growth Forms.
  • 1983 August - Astronauts make snow crystals in orbit on the Space Shuttle Challenger during mission STS-8.
  • 1988 - Norihiko Fukuta (福田矩彦Fukuta Norihiko) et al. make artificial snow crystals in an updraft, confirming the Nakaya Diagram.

2001 and after

  • 2002 - Kazuhiko Hiramatsu (平松和彦Hiramatsu Kazuhiko) devises a simple snow crystal growth observatory apparatus using a PET bottle cooled by dry ice in an expanded polystyrene box.
  • 2004 September - Akio Murai (村井昭夫Murai Akio) invented the apparatus named lit. Murai-method Artificial Snow Crystal producer (Murai式人工雪結晶生成装置) which makes various shape of artificial snow crystals per pre-setting conditions meeting to Nakaya diagram by vapor generator and its cooling Peltier effect element.
  • 2008 December - Yoshinori Furukawa (吉川義純FurukawaYoshinori) demonstrates conditional snow crystal growth in space, in Solution Crystallization Observation Facility (SCOF) on the JEM (Kibō), remotely controlled from Tsukuba Space Center of JAXA.

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