Throttle Position Sensor

Introduction

  • TPS measures the angle or position of the throttle valve inside the throttle body.
  • Controls the amount of air entering the engine, there by affects engine’s power output and efficiency.
  • The throttle is called the accelerator pedal in cars, thrust lever in aircraft, and regulator in steam engines.
  • The TPS gives the ECU real-time throttle position data to manage fuel delivery, ignition timing, and other engine parameters.
  • Located on the butterfly spindle/shaft, it directly monitors the position of the throttle.
  • When the driver presses the accelerator, the valve opens wider, increasing fuel or air flow and boosting vehicle speed.


Working Principle

  • The TPS is typically a variable resistor (potentiometer) attached to the throttle body.
  • As we press the accelerator pedal, the throttle valve opens allowing more air to enter the engine and the position sensor detects the throttle plate's angle.
  • The throttle plate is the component within the throttle valve that regulates the amount of air entering the engine.
  • TPS changes its resistance based on the position of the throttle plate.
  • As the throttle plate angle changes, so does the resistance of the sensor.
  • The change in resistance is converted into a voltage signal that is sent to the ECU.
  • The ECU uses this signal to adjust fuel delivery, ignition timing, and other parameters to ensure optimal engine performance and efficiency


Types of Throttle Position Sensors

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Potentiometric TPS

  • A resistive material in the form of a track or a ring.
  • A movable arm or contact those slides over the resistor track.
  • The shaft connected to the throttle plate.
  • As the throttle plate rotates, the throttle shaft, to which the TPS is attached, also rotates.
  • The wiper arm moves along the resistor track as the throttle plate opens and closes.
  • The resistor track has a variable resistance depending on the position of the wiper arm.
  • The wiper arm's position changes the resistance in the circuit, which alters the voltage sent to the ECU.
  • The TPS produces a voltage signal that varies according to the throttle position.
  • When the throttle is fully closed, the voltage is low; when it’s fully open, the voltage is high.
  • The ECU reads this voltage signal and interprets it to determine the throttle’s current position.

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Hall Effect TPS

  • It contains mainly 3 parts: Magnet: A small permanent magnet or an electromagnet. Throttle Shaft: The shaft connected to the throttle plate. Hall Effect Sensor: A semiconductor device that detects changes in magnetic fields.
  • A magnet is attached to the throttle shaft or the throttle plate.
  • The Hall Effect sensor is positioned close to the magnet.
  • As the throttle plate moves, the position of the magnet relative to the Hall Effect sensor changes.
  • The Hall Effect sensor detects changes in the magnetic field and produces an electrical signal proportional to the throttle position.
  • The electrical signal from the Hall Effect sensor is sent to the ECU.
  • The ECU interprets this signal to determine the position of the throttle plate.

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