THINKING METHODOLOGIES
The way of thinking that is the way people recognize and transform the world, has a huge impact on people.
In daily life and work, people are carrying out activities to change the world. People all have desires. Desire is the goal of changing the world. To satisfy their desires, people will take various measures to change the world, but people often cannot achieve it. What are the reasons for your own goals? The reason is that there is a problem with the thinking method. The thinking method does not conform to the laws of objective things. The operation of the actual objective world is not the same as the operation of the objective world in thinking, so naturally no effort can achieve the goal. Therefore, everyone who has a goal must pay attention to the way of thinking, which is the key to improving the success rate of achieving the goal.
Introduction
1. Software and hardware
Humans are composed of software and hardware, which together determine human capabilities.
Hardware: human body, wealth, experience, knowledge, etc.
software: thinking method, it plays a role in managing hardware.
A good way of thinking can make effective use of hardware resources and expand the potential of limited hardware resources. On the contrary, even if the hardware resources are very rich, it can not achieve good results. However, the role of hardware cannot be ignored. Without sufficient hardware resources, even the best way of thinking plays a limited role.
2. The composition of thinking methods
The thinking methods are composed of analytical methods, management methods, creative methods, and destruction methods.
Analytical methods: methods of understanding objective things, which focus on acquiring information and processing information.
Management method: A method of using certain tools to make objective things reach the target state from the existing state. The management process consists of three steps: analyzing the existing state of things, analyzing the target state of things, and looking for tools to convert the existing state to the target state. It can be seen that analysis is the basis of management.
Method of creation: A method of using certain tools to transform source things into target things. It can be seen that creation is actually a type of management. The difference between it and management is that management only changes the state of objective things, after which the objective things are themselves. And creation is to transform one objective thing into another objective thing, and the objective thing after the change is not itself. The creative process consists of three steps: analyzing target things, looking for raw materials, and looking for tools. It can be seen that analysis is also the foundation of creation.
Destruction method: A method of using certain tools to transform target things into other things. It can be seen that destruction is also a kind of management and a reverse process of creation. The destruction process consists of three steps: analyzing the target, determining the post-destruction state, and searching for tools. Analysis is also the basis of destruction.
It can be seen from the above analysis that the analysis method is the basis of the management method, creation method and destruction method, and it plays a central role in the thinking method.
3. Application of thinking methods
If you want to understand the essence of things, you need to use analytical methods.
If you want to change a certain state of objective things, you need to use management methods.
If you want something new, you need to use creative methods.
If you don't want something, you need to use the destruction method.
Second, the general thinking method
The general thinking method is a method that can be used by both humans and machines. It does not consider the specific characteristics of humans. The special thinking method is a thinking method that considers the specific characteristics of people.
1. Analytical methods
To understand the essence of things, you need to use a fundamental method, rather than purely using ready-made conclusions. The reason why many people can't see the essence of things when analyzing problems is that an out-of-the-box conclusion is applied indiscriminately. The conclusions are derived using certain methods under the premise of certain assumptions. The assumptions of many conclusions are not fully pointed out, which makes many people use the conclusions arbitrarily without satisfying the assumptions, which leads to errors.
So what is the fundamental method? In fact, finding the fundamental method is endless, and the true most fundamental method is difficult to find. All we can do is to be as close as possible to the most fundamental method. So how to judge which method is more fundamental? The method with fewer hypotheses is more fundamental, the less here is not quantitative, but the true subset relationship. If the assumption of method A is a true subset of the assumption of method B, then method A is more fundamental than method B. In practice, it is not easy to clearly conclude all assumptions, let alone to determine which method is more fundamental. In practice, there is a simple and feasible judgment method. If the conclusion drawn by method A can be obtained by method B, but not vice versa, then method B is more fundamental than method A.
The more fundamental the method you master, the more problems you can solve, which is often referred to as "high realm." However, in practice, people cannot solve all problems completely by fundamental methods.
There are many reasons:
First, people can hardly find the most fundamental method. The assumption that one method cannot be found among many methods is other methods. A hypothetical subset, so a combination of methods is needed, combined with intuition and knowledge to determine the final method;
Second, many questions do not require high quality conclusions, and thinking in a fundamental way is too laborious and time-consuming Therefore, it is not worth adopting the fundamental method;
Third, many problems have been considered by predecessors, we do not need to repeat the process of predecessors, but should be used, which can save energy and time, but this is by no means disregard Hypothesis of assumptions.
So how to analyze things based on the above. The following steps can be roughly followed:
The first step, determine the requirements for the quality of the conclusion, if it is high, go to the second step, if it is not high, you can use the existing conclusions, although it is easy to make mistakes regardless of the assumptions, but after all, there are certain correct Probability is tolerable for situations where the quality of conclusions is not high. If the conclusion quality requirements are medium, you can combine the first and second steps;
The second step is to determine the most fundamental method among the methods you have mastered. If you ca n’t find it, you can put the hypothesis as a superset of other methods. Remove it and go to the third step;
In the third step, if there is only one method left, use it to derive conclusions, but it should be noted that if the assumptions of the existing conclusions meet the requirements, they can be directly applied, but sometimes it is necessary to judge whether the assumptions of the existing conclusions meet the requirements and difficulties. If the requirements for the quality of conclusions are lowered, the strict examination of hypotheses can be appropriately relaxed to apply, but the quality of conclusions is compromised. This should be clear. If the energy and time are insufficient, you can also consider relaxing the strict examination of the hypothesis to apply it, but the quality of the conclusion is also discounted. For the situation where there are multiple methods, we can choose several methods based on intuition and understanding of it, and make the aforementioned analysis on it separately, and finally combine them.
It can be seen that the more fundamental the mastered method is, the fewer remaining methods are, and the easier it is to analyze the problem. Therefore, it should be advocated to try to master the most fundamental method. But the fundamental methods are endless, so it is necessary to combine other methods appropriately, not only to avoid trying to solve all problems by discovering the most fundamental method, but also to avoid using pure conclusions to solve problems.
2. Introduce a more fundamental method-system philosophy
The analysis method mentioned above, the degree of trouble used is related to the fundamental degree of the method mastered. The system philosophy is a relatively basic method. Most problems can be solved with it, which can simplify the process of analyzing the problem. Of course, the system is completely used. Philosophy analysis requires a certain amount of energy and time, so it is appropriate for some local problems (referring to conditions that are not too obvious to be inconsistent with the assumption) to relax the strict inspection of the assumption to apply. The assumption of the systematic philosophical method is that the research scope to be analyzed can be decomposed. If it is not satisfied, other methods are needed. The systematic philosophical method is to decompose objective things into a number of small objective things, analyze the association of small objective things, determine the movement law of small objective things, and then derive the required conclusions through association and movement. The core of the system philosophy method is to analyze the dynamic structure and static structure of things. It should be noted that using the system philosophy method to analyze the problem will lead to different conclusions from different angles. Never exaggerate the conclusion from a certain angle, and analyze it from multiple angles. At the same time, it is necessary to make clear what kind of conclusion you want to get through analysis, which can effectively reduce the workload. The choice of the research scope should start with the objective thing that you want to analyze, determine which layers you want to penetrate this objective thing into, and the layers that want to analyze this objective thing, which constitutes the scope of the study. In addition to individual problems can exhaust the internal and external objective things, most problems are often endless, so a reasonable research scope should be determined according to the research objectives. Here I would like to remind you again that after decomposing objective things using the method of system philosophy, a number of small objective things need to be finite and discernable, that is, discrete and listable, otherwise it is difficult to analyze the problem by system philosophy alone. The last key question is, how to determine the small objective things, there are many kinds of combinations of an objective thing decomposed into several small objective things, which one should I choose? In fact, none of our decompositions are decomposed to the smallest particle (indivisible), often small objective things are a combination of several smallest particles, that is to say, the decomposed small objective things can be divided into several small objective Things can also be combined, that is, small objective things can be adjusted. Therefore, we can constantly adjust small objective things according to the research goals, and if we meet the research needs, we can determine the combination. Therefore, only one initial decomposition is needed, which can be determined by small objective things that humans can discern. Note that small objective things that are not related to the research goal should be eliminated. This solves the problem of determining the combination.
The above is a brief introduction to the philosophy of the system. For an in-depth introduction, please see future articles.
3. Information acquisition
The system philosophy method emphasizes that there is enough information. For the things to be studied, the information must be obtained according to the goal. The information can be obtained by inspecting the real object, reading the literature, and communicating with people. We often encounter that there are many external manifestations of a certain thing, but we are not sure whether it shows all external manifestations. For this situation, one method is hypothesis, assuming these external performances, which limits the scope of the study, and the other method can adopt a logical division method that can guarantee to include all states. These two methods can achieve the information that the system needs, and it is a complete information system.
4. Incomplete information
If the logical division method adopted cannot contain all states and does not allow assumptions, it is necessary to use statistical methods to determine credibility. Such a system is an incomplete information system. The characteristic of this kind of system is that the conclusions can not be precise. However, the decomposition combination can be adjusted according to the obtained information to acquire a relatively credible conclusion. Through the method of obtaining information while analyzing, the credibility of the conclusion can be gradually improved. For incomplete information systems, high credibility is required. Sometimes appropriate changes to the logical division will be very effective.
5. Management methods, creation methods, destruction methods
In fact, these methods are essentially analytical activities, but different goals. Finding tools is also about getting information. The focus of these activities is to analyze changes in things. For a system with complete information, it is feasible as long as the change process of things conforms to the system philosophy. For a system with incomplete information, there is a certain probability impossibility, and measures need to be taken to increase the probability of success.
6. The method of using ready-made conclusions
First of all, it is analyzed by system philosophy. If it is proved to be feasible, it can be used directly. If it is not proved to be feasible, you need to know the source of the conclusion, and then use it after appropriate modification to meet the assumptions.
Third, special thinking methods
1. Find ways to involve the hardware.
Good thinking methods can be solidified through repeated use, and later use will reduce the time and energy consumption, which can increase the complexity of solving problems.
2. Partially followed by the whole
The human brain is able to process a limited amount of information, and proper splitting links are conducive to a thorough understanding, and then gradually expand to the whole.
3. It meets the needs of the hardware foundation.
The person needs to absorb knowledge and establish a mapping relationship with the existing knowledge base law.