Therapeutic Potential of Carnosine As a Versatile Antioxidant

Carnosine, an antioxidant, is an endogenous dipeptide produced naturally in the body. It is present in the highest concentration in the brain, tissues of the gastrointestinal tract, and muscles.

Carnosine has gained popularity due to its antiglycation, anti-aggregate, metal ion chelation, and antioxidant properties. It has the potential to attenuate oxidative stress by decreasing the production of free radicals, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reactive nitrogen species (RNS).

Background:

Carnosine was?discovered?by Russian scientists in the early XXth century before the beginning of the second world war. A Russian biochemist V. S. Gulevich discovered the nitrogen-rich compound-carnosine from minced meat. Hence, it was named after the Latin word carno or carnis (meat).

Carnosine was incorporated into medical practice in the Soviet Union for the first time. In 1930, clinical tests were performed at the Institute of physiotherapy in Kharkiv-city. These clinical studies indicated carnosine's therapeutic benefits in treating hypertension, arthritis, peptic ulcers, and infections.

In 1953, a Russian scientist S. E. Severin presented the concept of carnosine as a buffering agent by reducing pH and regulating the levels of lactic acid in the muscles. This leads to rapid recovery of injured muscles after carnosine aid, and this process is called "Severin's phenomenon."

What is Carnosine?

Carnosine is a dipeptide consisting of histamine and beta-alanine. Beta-Alanine and histamine provide a binding site for sugars to regulate blood sugar levels. It is most commonly found in proteins, especially meat extracts. It prevents aging, eye problems, kidney problems, and neurocognitive deficit in the elderly and strengthens the immune system.

How Does Carnosine Work?

Carnosine has a?multimodal?mechanism of action. Carnosine removes oxidative stress by involving two detoxification pathways; the Superoxide dismutase (SOD1) pathway and the Tripeptide glutathione pathway (GSH). Imidazole rings in their structure scavenge reactive oxygen species and protect against hypochlorous acid and toxic species such as products of H2O2 and Cl?. The imidazole ring forms imidazole chloramine after reacting with hypochlorous acid and detoxifies it.

Reactive oxygen species cause the carbonylation of carbohydrates and lipids, leading to the production of advanced lipoxidation end products (ALEs) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Carnosine inhibits the production of ALEs and AGEs.

Moreover, carnosine regulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in epithelial cells to resolve inflammation. Carnosine regulates zinc and copper homeostasis in the brain and synaptic clefts.

Therapeutic Potential of Carnosine:

Carnosine has thousands of?therapeutic benefits, including;

1. Cardiovascular Health Benefits:

Carnosine inhibits the sympathetic nervous system to prevent hypertension and obesity-related cardiovascular problems. Its antioxidant properties protect the heart from free radicals and damage caused by radiotherapy. Antiglycation property inhibits the formation of LDL cholesterol that forms arterial plaques and causes atherosclerosis. Carnosine prevents ischemia and reperfusion injury. It can potentially reduce the toxicity of excitatory neurotransmitters in stroke to prevent further damage.

2. Protects from the dangers of High Blood Sugar Levels:

Carnosine has the potential to combat health problems associated with high blood sugar levels. It suppresses blood sugar levels by affecting the autonomic nervous system and prevents glycation reactions. Additionally, It inhibits oxidation and glycation of LDL cholesterol.

3. Anticancer properties of Carnosine:

Carnosine is used as a chemopreventive agent. As a natural antioxidant, it prevents DNA damage that causes cancerous mutations. Carnosine inhibits the release of inflammatory cytokines, which prevents colon cancer.

4. Anti-aging properties of Carnosine:

The human brain is vulnerable to oxidative, glycemic, and nitrosative stress, and carnosine protects the brain from them. Carnosine preserves the normal neuronal functioning of the brain by inhibiting oxidation and glycation. In Particular, carnosine is beneficial in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and neurodegenerative disorders.

Carnosine And Research Studies:

An?advanced research study?on the effect of carnosine on lung diseases unveiled its therapeutic potential for the treatment of lung fibrosis and acute lung injury. The protective mechanism of carnosine due to antioxidant properties, proton buffering capacity, ability to chelate metal ions, and inhibitory effect on protein glycation and carbonylation provides a wide range of therapeutic benefits.

Ethan J. et al.?studied?the effects of carnosine and its analogs on obesity. Carnosine analogs significantly mitigated the metabolic disorders caused by obesity by reducing carbonyl stress.

Recent?research?on polaprezinc (zinc complex of L-carnosine) indicates that polaprezinc has an antiulcer and Helicobacter Pylori effect. It can promote healing and prevent liver fibrosis. Clinically, it is used for the treatment of postoperative ESD, drug-related gastrointestinal mucosal injury, mucosal damage caused by radiotherapy oral mucositis, radioactive esophagitis and gastroenteritis, ulcerative colitis, COPD, and taste disorders.

How Does ANF Carnosine Device Work?

ANF Carnosine device helps treat muscular injuries and start the healing process by supporting neuronal frequencies in the body. It accelerates healing time and recovery. If your patients are athletes or sportsmen, you can apply carnosine, glutathione, blood flow, and nitric oxide devices on their sore muscles to repair the muscle damage.

All of our ANF devices can be used for professional athletes and are recommended by Sports Protect because they are free of anything that can enter the body and be classified as doping.

How to Get Started with ANF As a Healthcare Professional?

ANF Therapy?? does not use any drugs, machines, or instruments. You can regulate your patient's nervous system by applying ANF devices directly on the skin and initiating a self-healing and self-regulating process.

ANF Therapy?? is a holistic approach integrated with the knowledge of anatomy, biochemistry, physiology, and neuroscience of the human body.

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About ANF Therapy??

ANF Therapy?? uses circular ANF Devices, which are applied directly on the skin after palpation and assessment by a trained ANF Therapist following the ANF Therapy?? Method, Patented Model no. U202030252, ES1259974.

The purpose of ANF Therapy is to alleviate injury and pain within minutes.

Our aim is that the patient experiences a reduction of pain and swelling, an increase in range of motion, and an improvement in quality of life related to health. Non-transdermal non-invasive devices, NO needles or chemicals are used.