Definition:These are languages used to define and format the structure and presentation of text within a document, particularly on the web. They describe the data rather than perform operations on it.?
- HTML (HyperText Markup Language): The standard language for creating web pages, defining elements like headings, paragraphs, links, and images.
- XML (eXtensible Markup Language): A flexible way to create information formats and share structured data over the internet.
- CSS (Cascading Style Sheets): While not a markup language per se, it is used alongside HTML to define the appearance of web pages, including layouts, colors, and fonts.
- Markup and Style Languages
Definition: While HTML and CSS have already been mentioned, it's important to recognize them as part of a broader category of languages used to structure, present, and manage data.
- Markdown: A lightweight markup language for formatting text, often used in documentation, README files, and web content.
- LaTeX: A typesetting system often used for technical and scientific documentation.
- JSON (JavaScript Object Notation): A lightweight data interchange format, easy for humans to read and write, and easy for machines to parse and generate.
Definition: These are often considered a subset of programming languages, designed primarily for automating tasks and enhancing the functionality of existing systems or applications.
- Bash: Commonly used for writing scripts on Unix-based systems to automate tasks.
- Perl: Known for its text-processing capabilities and often used in system administration, web development, and network programming.
- Python: While a full-fledged programming language, it is also frequently used as a scripting language due to its simplicity and versatility.
- JavaScript: In addition to its role in web development, it's also used for scripting within various environments like Node.js
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Definition: These languages are designed for managing and retrieving data from databases or data systems.
- SQL (Structured Query Language): The most widely used query language for interacting with relational databases like MySQL, PostgreSQL, and Oracle.
- GraphQL: An open-source query language for APIs that allows clients to request exactly the data they need.
- SPARQL: A query language for databases that store data in the Resource Description Framework (RDF) format, often used in semantic web technologies.
- Domain-Specific Languages (DSLs)
Definition: These are specialized languages tailored for specific application domains, offering syntax and capabilities optimized for particular tasks.
- HTML/CSS: While discussed as markup languages, they can also be seen as DSLs specific to web design.
- MATLAB: Used primarily for numerical computing, modeling, and simulation, especially in engineering and scientific applications.
- R: A language and environment specifically designed for statistical computing and graphics.
- VHDL/Verilog: Hardware description languages used for modeling electronic systems, particularly in digital circuit design.