TCP/IP

TCP/IP Model helps you to determine how a specific computer should be connected to the internet and how data should be transmitted between them. It helps you to create a virtual network when multiple computer networks are connected together. The purpose of the TCP/IP model is to allow communication over large distances.

TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol. TCP/IP Protocol Stack is specifically designed as a model to offer a highly reliable and end-to-end byte stream over unreliable internetwork.

TCP Characteristics

Here, are the essential characteristics of TCP/IP protocol

• Support for a flexible TCP/IP architecture
• Adding more systems to a network is easy.
• In TCP/IP, the network remains intact until the source, and destination machines are functioning properly.
• TCP is a connection-oriented protocol.
• TCP offers reliability and ensures that data that arrives out of sequence should be put back into order.
• TCP allows you to implement flow control, so the sender never overpowers a receiver with data.

TCP/IP is a layered server architecture system in which each layer is defined according to a specific function to perform. All these four TCP/IP layers work collaboratively to transmit the data from one layer to another.

• Application Layer
• Transport Layer
• Internet Layer
• Network Interface

?Application Layer

The application layer interacts with an application program, which is the highest level of the OSI model. The application layer is the OSI layer, which is closest to the end-user. It means the OSI application layer allows users to interact with other software applications.

The application layer interacts with software applications to implement a communicating component. The interpretation of data by the application program is always outside the scope of the OSI model.

An example of the application layer is an application such as file transfer, email, remote login, etc.

Transport Layer

Transport layer builds on the network layer in order to provide data transport from a process? (p1) on a source system machine to a process(p2) on a destination system. It is hosted using single or multiple networks, and also maintains the quality of service functions.

It determines how much data should be sent where and at what rate. This layer builds on the message which is received from the application layer. It helps ensure that data units are delivered error-free and in sequence.

The transport layer helps you to control the reliability of a link through flow control, error control, and segmentation or de-segmentation.

The transport layer also offers an acknowledgment of the successful data transmission and sends the next data in case no errors occurred. TCP is the best-known example of the transport layer.

?Internet Layer

An internet layer is a second layer of TCP/IP layers of the TCP/IP model. It is also known as a network layer. The main work of this layer is to send the packets from any network, and any computer still reaches the destination irrespective of the route they take.

The Internet layer offers the functional and procedural method for transferring variable length data sequences from one node to another with the help of various networks.

Message delivery at the network layer does not give any guarantee to be a reliable network layer protocol.

Layer-management protocols that belong to the network layer are:

1. Routing protocols
2. Multicast group management
3. Network-layer address assignment.

The Network Interface Layer

Network Interface Layer is this layer of the four-layer TCP/IP model. This layer is also called a network access layer. It helps you define the details of how data should be sent using the network.

It also includes how bits should optically be signaled by hardware devices that directly interface with a network medium, like coaxial, optical, coaxial, fiber, or twisted-pair cables.

A network layer is a combination of the data line and defined in the article of OSI reference model. This layer defines how the data should be sent physically through the network. This layer is responsible for the transmission of the data between two devices on the same network.

?Advantages of the TCP/IP model

Here, are the pros/benefits of using the TCP/IP model:

• It helps you to establish/set up a connection between different types of computers.
• It operates independently of the operating system.
• It supports many routing protocols.
• TCP/IP model has a highly scalable client-server architecture.
• It can be operated independently.
• Supports a number of routing protocols.
• It can be used to establish a connection between two computers.

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Most Common TCP/IP Protocols

Some widely used most common TCP/IP protocols are:

TCP:

Transmission Control Protocol is an internet protocol suite that breaks up the message into TCP Segments and reassembles them at the receiving side.

IP:

An Internet Protocol address that is also known as an IP address is a numerical label. It is assigned to each device that is connected to a computer network that uses the IP for communication. Its routing function allows internetworking and essentially establishes the Internet. A combination of IP with a TCP allows developing a virtual connection between a destination and a source.

HTTP:

The Hypertext Transfer Protocol is a foundation of the World Wide Web. It is used for transferring web pages and other such resources from the HTTP server or web server to the web client or the HTTP client. Whenever you use a web browser like Google Chrome or Firefox, you are using a web client. It helps HTTP to transfer web pages that you request from the remote servers.

SMTP:

SMTP stands for Simple mail transfer protocol. This protocol supports the e-mail is known as a simple mail transfer protocol. This protocol helps you to send the data to another e-mail address.

SNMP:

SNMP stands for Simple Network Management Protocol. It is a framework that is used for managing the devices on the internet by using the TCP/IP protocol.

DNS:

DNS stands for Domain Name System. An IP address that is used to identify the connection of a host to the internet uniquely. However, users prefer to use names instead of addresses for that DNS.

TELNET:

TELNET stands for Terminal Network. It establishes the connection between the local and remote computers. It establishes a connection in such a manner that you can simulate your local system at the remote system.

FTP:

FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. It is a mostly used standard protocol for transmitting files from one machine to another.