Surface Water Conservation: The Role of Lakes and Ponds in Jodhpur

In the arid region of Jodhpur, where the construction of wells and stepwells has long been a strategy to conserve groundwater, the creation of numerous lakes and ponds has played an equally crucial role in preserving surface water. During the historical period, Jodhpur, the capital of Marwar, saw the construction of as many large and sturdy ponds as any other princely state in Rajputana. The key to successful surface water conservation lies in the ability of rainwater to remain on the surface for extended periods, a feature that Jodhpur's unique geology supports.

Jodhpur's land possesses a rare characteristic where rainwater does not quickly seep into the ground. After substantial rainfall, the ponds in this region would fill up and remain full for up to 48 months. This ability to retain surface water for long durations in a semi-desert area raises an intriguing question: how is this possible?

Modern geologists provide an answer rooted in ancient volcanic activity. Millions of years ago, volcanic events shaped the city of Jodhpur and its surrounding areas. The presence of rhyolite rock, which stretches from Santoshi Mata temple near Krishi Mandi to the Air Force radar at Kaylana, and from Nagauri Gate to Chaupasni village, underpins the entire city. This rock, formed 445 million years ago from the cooled lava of the Malani volcano, prevents rapid absorption of rainwater, enabling it to stay on the surface longer.

During the historical period, more emphasis was placed on constructing ponds in and around Jodhpur than on building large lakes. At that time, there was no technology to supply water to the entire city from a single large lake. As a result, wells, stepwells, and numerous ponds were prioritized for water conservation. This strategic focus ensured a reliable water supply for the city's population and supported sustainable urban development in the semi-desert climate of Jodhpur.

The Process of Pond Construction in Jodhpur

The art of pond construction in Jodhpur is a product of centuries of experience and innovation. Over time, significant enhancements were made to the technique, responding to evolving needs and environmental considerations. The process starts with the critical step of site selection, ensuring ponds are built in areas where water sources are insufficient for the local population or where urban expansion necessitates additional reservoirs. Historical examples, such as the construction of Gulab Sagar, illustrate this strategy—settlements emerged around the new pond, easing population pressures in nearby areas like Mehrangarh.

Several key factors are taken into account when choosing a site for a pond. The land must naturally slope towards the pond, and the site should be in a low-lying area to maximize rainwater collection. Proximity to pastures is also considered to facilitate water access for livestock. Ensuring a clean and uncontaminated site is crucial, avoiding locations used for bathing or animal processing. Cleanliness and the absence of dirt are essential.

Experienced individuals play a vital role in the site selection process, evaluating whether the chosen location can sustain water over long periods. These experts conduct comprehensive inspections to ensure the 'Agor'—the area where water flows into the pond—is clean and secure. They also assess the characteristics of the 'storage' area, where water will be collected. Detailed planning identifies where to build the pond wall (the 'sail') and the 'ota' (a canal to drain excess water), essential for preventing structural damage when the pond is full.

Timing and rituals are integral to the construction process. An auspicious day and time are chosen for digging, and the first spadeful of earth is ceremonially worshipped with offerings of coconut, jaggery, and incense sticks. Lord Varun, the god of water, is invoked for their blessings. Digging is done slightly inside the sail to prevent the land beneath it from sinking due to water pressure.

Through this meticulous, experience-driven process, Jodhpur's pond construction technique ensures the creation of durable and effective water conservation systems, vital for sustaining the region's semi-desert environment.

Notable Water Bodies in Jodhpur

Lakes: Balsamand Lake, Kaylana Lake

Ponds: Kodmadesar, Jodhelav, Ranisar, Padamsar, Rasolai, Pholelao, Gangelao, Chokelao, Sursagar, Gulabsagar