Study on T-cell Boost via CBD vs CV19

BLUF- (Bottom Line Up Front) CBD does Boost the Immune System in many ways far greater than expected. The links for the journals and credits to the authors are at the end of the articles. This is an FYI for those who are and or would be interested. These are rather long medical research journals so I copied the important parts and made it shorter and available for all to read by clicking the links below this posting. COV19 is the latest of several coronaviruses. Like SARS, MERS, H1N1

PROBLEM:

CD4 & CD8 T CELLS.

2.1 Virus-specific T cells and the primary immune response to SARS-CoV in humans

The acute phase of SARS in human patients was associated with marked leukopenia with severe lymphopenia (~80% of patients), involving a dramatic loss of CD4 T (~90–100% of patients) and CD8 T cells (~80–90% patients) in comparison to healthy control individuals (40–42). Subsequent studies showed impaired CD4 and CD8 T cell activation in SARS-CoV-infected patients as determined by CD25, CD28 and CD69 expression on CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets (43, 44). Severe SARS-CoV infection in humans was characterized by the delayed development of the adaptive immune response and prolonged virus clearance (45). In addition, leukopenia and associated lymphopenia is also observed in MERS patients, albeit to a lesser degree than that observed in SARS patients. A detailed clinical study showed that 14% of MERS patients were leucopenic while 34% of the patients had lymphopenia (46). Decreased numbers of T cells strongly correlated with the severity of acute phase of SARS disease in humans (42, 47). Although SARS-CoV is not known to productively infect T cells, altered antigen presenting cell (APC) function and impaired DC migration resulting in reduced priming of T cells likely contribute to fewer number of virus-specific T cells in the lungs (27, 48, 49). Other possible explanations for T cell lymphopenia include an exuberant type I IFN response and high levels of glucocorticoids resulting from a normal stress response both of which might induce T cell apoptosis (50). Currently, much less is known about the fate of T cells in MERS-CoV infected patients.

VS.

Although well studied in cancer cell lines and primary tumor tissue, CBD-mediated apoptosis is also a contributor to the immune suppressive mechanism. Initially CBD-induced apoptosis in T cells was described in Jurkat and MOLT4 human T cells.80 In the same study, McKallip et al. observed increased apoptosis of mouse lymphoma cells injected into, and then recovered from, the peritoneal cavity of mice that were treated with CBD.80 Since then, there has been a series of studies characterizing the mechanisms by which CBD induced apoptosis in mouse immune cells. CBD (1–16 μM) was shown to induce apoptosis in mouse thymocytes and EL-4 T cells.150 The same group demonstrated that CBD (1–16 μM) induced apoptosis in mouse splenocytes, including assessment of CBD-induced apoptosis by cell type (B220+ B cells and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells).151 In both studies, CBD increased ROS, and CBD-mediated apoptosis was attenuated by N-acetylcysteine.150,151 Wu et al. further demonstrated that the CBD increased ROS-activated caspase-8 to mediate apoptosis.151 In follow-up studies in human monocytes, Wu et al. noted that CBD (1–16 μM) readily induced apoptosis, but that the effect of CBD on apoptosis was lost if the monocytes were pre-cultured for 72 h.114 The authors suggest that the differential responsiveness to CBD was due to an increase in antioxidant capacity in cultured cells, which is a thought consistent with the mechanism by which CBD induced apoptosis in mouse lymphocytes.150,151 CBD-induced apoptosis (1–16 μM CBD) in human monocytes was due to a cascade of intracellular events, including opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential, oxidation of a lipid in the mitochondrial inner membrane, and mitochondrial ROS generation, leading to cytochrome C release.115 Thus, this latest study demonstrates a critical role of the mitochondria in CBD-induced apoptosis.

Another important mechanism by which CBD acts to control immune responses is through regulatory T cell (Treg) induction. In the ConA model of hepatitis, CBD modestly enhanced Tregs in the liver as quantified by CD4+Foxp3+ cells.86 A confirmation of in vivo induced Tregs by CBD was noted in an ischemia-reperfusion injury model in the kidney, in which CBD returned the disease-induced reduction in CD3+Foxp3+ cells to baseline.152 Interestingly, in the ischemia-reperfusion kidney model, CBD also induced “TReg17 cells,” which were defined as CD3+Foxp3+CCR6+STAT3+.152 It has been suggested that Treg17 cells help control a TH17 response. In vitro, CBD (5 μM) induced a CD69+LAG+ population in CD4+CD25? cells, which were identified as one type of regulatory cell, and induced Il10 mRNA expression.153 We showed in vitro that CBD (1–15 μM) induced functional CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells under conditions of suboptimal stimulation and that Il10 mRNA expression was induced.154

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What is apoptosis what is its purpose?

Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death, or “cellular suicide.” It is different from necrosis, in which cells die due to injury. ... Apoptosis removes cells during development. It also eliminates pre-cancerous and virus-infected cells, although “successful” cancer cells manage to escape apoptosis so they can continue dividing. Apoptosis maintains the balance of cells in the human body and is particularly important in the immune system.

Credits for the above research:

T-cell-mediated immune response to respiratory coronaviruses

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4125530/ 

The Profile of Immune Modulation by Cannabidiol (CBD) Involves Deregulation of Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells (NFAT)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2748879/ 

Immune Responses Regulated by Cannabidiol

James M. Nichols and Barbara L.F. Kaplan

Published Online:27 Feb 2020https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2018.0073

https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/can.2018.0073  

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