The strategic geographical placement of Dongguan inside the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area

I. Introduction

A. Brief overview of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA):

The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) is a region encompassing Guangdong Province, Hong Kong, and Macao. It is characterised by its vibrant economy, significant population, and strategic geographical location. The GBA has emerged as a prominent hub for innovation, finance, trade, and tourism, attracting both domestic and international attention. This review aims to concisely introduce the GBA, highlighting its key features and significance in regional development.

The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) is a strategic endeavour undertaken by the Chinese government to establish a cohesive and robust economic entity in the southern region of China (Osellame et al., 2013). The region under consideration comprises nine prominent urban centres within Guangdong Province, including Hong Kong and Macao, and spans a collective land area of roughly 56,000 square kilometres (Osellame et al., 2013). The objective of the GBA is to utilise the unique capabilities of each city in order to facilitate economic growth, foster innovation, and encourage collaboration within the area (Osellame et al., 2013).

According to Osellame et al. (2013), the GBA is highly economically dynamic. The region under consideration encompasses over 70 million individuals and substantially bolsters China's Gross Domestic Product (Osellame et al., 2013). According to Osellame et al. (2013), the region is a significant primary conduit for global commerce and investment due to its exceptional infrastructure, modern industrial capacities, and robust financial and technology industries.

B. Introduction to Dongguan and its significance in the GBA:

As noted by Osellame et al. (2013), Dongguan is a pivotal city inside the Greater Bay Area (GBA) and plays a crucial role in the region's functional location. Dongguan is geographically situated in the southeastern region of Guangdong Province, encompassing a land area of approximately 2,460 square kilometres (Osellame et al., 2013). With a population exceeding 8 million, this city is among the Greater Bay Area's most densely populated urban areas (Osellame et al., 2013).

According to Osellame et al. (2013), Dongguan possesses a significant historical background characterised by its exceptional manufacturing capabilities and remarkable advancements in the industrial sector. The region has developed into a prominent manufacturing center, focusing on several industries like electronics, textiles, footwear, and machinery (Osellame et al., 2013). According to Osellame et al. (2013), the city has been a favoured choice for local and foreign investments due to its advantageous geographical position, extensive infrastructure, and proficient labour force.

Recently, Dongguan has experienced notable changes to adjust to the evolving economic environment and adopt innovative practises (Osellame et al., 2013). According to Osellame et al. (2013), the city has redirected its attention to high-end manufacturing, research and development, and technical innovation. According to Osellame et al. (2013), there has been a deliberate effort to facilitate the incorporation of cutting-edge technology such as automation, artificial intelligence, and digitalization into various businesses.

Furthermore, the geographical proximity of Dongguan to Hong Kong and Macao has played a significant role in bolstering its position within the Greater Bay Area (GBA) (Osellame et al., 2013). The urban area functions as a crucial intermediary in the distribution networks that connect these three geographical areas, enabling the exchange of goods, managing logistical operations, and fostering cooperative efforts across borders (Osellame et al., 2013). The industrial prowess of Dongguan, along with its significance as a centre for manufacturing and trade, plays a crucial role in bolstering the economic vigour and functional positioning of the Greater Bay Area (GBA) (Osellame et al., 2013).

II. The Economic Role of Dongguan in the Greater Bay Area (GBA)

A. Manufacturing and Industrial Hub:

1. Overview of Dongguan's manufacturing sector:

Dongguan, situated within the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA), is a prominent economic centre due to its manufacturing and industrial capacities (Frohlich & Westbrook, 2001). According to Frohlich and Westbrook (2001), the urban area encompasses a wide array of sectors, such as electronics, textiles, footwear, furniture, and machinery. The manufacturing industry in Dongguan has established a well-regarded reputation for its robustness and plays a substantial role in integrating the Greater Bay Area's supply chain (Frohlich & Westbrook, 2001).

2. Contribution to the GBA's supply chain integration:

Dongguan plays a significant role in supporting the interconnection of manufacturing capacities across various cities within the Greater Bay Area (GBA), hence enabling the smooth movement of raw materials, components, and completed goods (Frohlich & Westbrook, 2001). Establishing and maintaining an effective production and distribution network is crucial in facilitating the smooth operation of the supply chain within the GBA (Frohlich & Westbrook, 2001).

3. Examples of key industries and companies in Dongguan:

The urban area accommodates numerous pivotal sectors and corporations that provide significant contributions to the economic functioning of the Greater Bay Area (GBA). Dongguan has gained recognition in the electronics industry due to its role as a host city for prominent businesses such as Huawei, OPPO, and Vivo, which have established a significant presence within its boundaries (Frohlich & Westbrook, 2001). According to Frohlich and Westbrook (2001), the involvement of these enterprises is crucial in the electronics supply chain of the GBA.

Dongguan is known for its prosperous textile and clothing sector, characterised by many manufacturers engaged in producing garments for both domestic and global markets (Frohlich & Westbrook, 2001). Prominent entities within this sector include Youngor Group and Texhong Textile Group, as Frohlich and Westbrook (2001) noted.

B. Technological Advancements and Innovation:

1. Research and development institutions in Dongguan:

Besides its strong manufacturing capabilities, Dongguan significantly emphasizes technological breakthroughs and innovation. The urban region has successfully built various research and development institutes, including the Dongguan Institute of Technology. This institution is dedicated to conducting applied research in advanced manufacturing, novel materials, and intelligent systems (Frohlich & Westbrook, 2001).

2. Collaboration with universities and research organizations

Dongguan engages in proactive partnerships with academic institutions and research organisations to cultivate an environment conducive to innovation (Frohlich & Westbrook, 2001). The establishment of collaborations with esteemed academic institutions such as the South China University of Technology and Huazhong University of Science and Technology significantly contributes to various aspects, including research, technological transfer, and talent development within the city (Frohlich & Westbrook, 2001).

3. Case studies of technological advancements in Dongguan:

- Automation and robotics

The utilisation of automation and robotics in Dongguan manufacturing processes is a clear manifestation of the technological progress in the region (Frohlich & Westbrook, 2001). According to Frohlich and Westbrook (2001), companies operating in Dongguan have used sophisticated robotic systems to enhance efficiency, precision, and productivity in electronics assembly and automotive manufacturing sectors.

- Smart manufacturing:

In addition, it should be noted that Dongguan has emerged as a leading force in advancing innovative manufacturing capabilities (Frohlich & Westbrook, 2001). The Songshan Lake High-Tech Industrial Development Zone in Dongguan has been officially designated as a national pilot zone for implementing smart manufacturing. This initiative involves the integration of advanced technologies, including the Internet of Things (IoT), big data analytics, and artificial intelligence (Frohlich & Westbrook, 2001).

In summary, the economic role of Dongguan within the Greater Bay Area (GBA) predominantly stems from its manufacturing and industrial capacities. The city plays a pivotal role in facilitating supply chain integration within the Greater Bay Area (GBA) by integrating the manufacturing capabilities of various regional cities. Dongguan plays a pivotal role in the economic development of the Greater Bay Area (GBA) due to its prominent industries and corporations, with a particular focus on electronics and textiles. These sectors make substantial contributions to the overall economic growth of the region. Furthermore, the city strongly emphasizes technological progress and innovation, evident through its establishment of research and development facilities and its partnerships with universities and research organisations. Integrating automation, robotics, and smart manufacturing in Dongguan augments its economic role within the Greater Bay Area (GBA).

III. Facilitating Trade and Logistics

In this section, we will discuss the role of a trade and logistics facilitator in the context of international commerce. The facilitator plays a crucial role in ensuring the smooth flow of goods and services across borders,

A. Location and Transportation Infrastructure:

1. Strategic location within the GBA:

Dongguan, situated within the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA), plays a pivotal role in facilitating trade and logistics as a result of its advantageous geographical position and highly developed transportation infrastructure (Gómez-Herrera et al., 2014). Dongguan serves as a crucial intermediary, connecting the neighboring regions of Hong Kong and Macao, as Gómez-Herrera et al. (2014) highlighted. The convenient accessibility to major transportation networks and trade corridors is facilitated by its strategic location along the Pearl River Delta (Gómez-Herrera et al., 2014).

2. Connectivity through transportation networks:

Dongguan derives advantages from a comprehensive transport infrastructure encompassing highways, railways, and airports, facilitating seamless communication within the Greater Bay Area (GBA) and beyond (Gómez-Herrera et al., 2014). The urban area maintains connectivity with prominent cities in the Greater Bay Area (GBA), employing a comprehensive motorways and high-speed railway route system (Gómez-Herrera et al., 2014). An illustration of this can be seen in the Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link, which offers efficient and expedient transportation between Dongguan and Hong Kong (Gómez-Herrera et al., 2014).

3. Development of logistics parks and ports:

Dongguan has invested in establishing logistics parks and ports to facilitate and enhance trade and logistics operations (Gómez-Herrera et al., 2014). The Humen Port, situated in Dongguan, plays a crucial role as a primary conduit for global commerce (Gómez-Herrera et al., 2014). Furthermore, the city has implemented logistics parks, such as the Dongguan International Logistics Centre, that enhance the effectiveness of warehousing, distribution, and customs-clearing operations (Gómez-Herrera et al., 2014).

B. Cross-border Trade and Integration

1. Importance of Dongguan's proximity to Hong Kong and Macao:

The geographical location of Dongguan, close to Hong Kong and Macao, has a substantial impact on cross-border trade and integration, as highlighted by Gómez-Herrera et al. (2014). According to Gómez-Herrera et al. (2014), using international business networks, financial services, and knowledge in Hong Kong and Macao enables enterprises in Dongguan to gain strategic advantages. The closeness of these locations enables the efficient movement of commodities, capital, and information, as Gómez-Herrera et al. (2014) notes.

2. Cross-border trade facilitation initiatives:

Several measures have been implemented to enhance cross-border trade in the Greater Bay Area (GBA), with Dongguan assuming a pivotal position (Gómez-Herrera et al., 2014). The Customs Clearance Facilitation Agreement in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, as exemplified by Gómez-Herrera et al. (2014), aims to enhance efficiency in customs operations, expedite clearance procedures, and mitigate obstacles to international trade. According to Gómez-Herrera et al. (2014), implementing this agreement contributes to optimizing cross-border commercial operations among Dongguan, Hong Kong, and Macao.

3. Examples of Dongguan's role in promoting cross-border integration:

- Cross-border e-commerce:

Dongguan demonstrates strong engagement in cross-border e-commerce endeavours, capitalising on its manufacturing prowess and advantageous geographical proximity to Hong Kong and Macao (Gómez-Herrera et al., 2014). According to Gómez-Herrera et al. (2014), companies located in Dongguan have implemented online platforms and formed collaborations to enhance cross-border e-commerce activities. These initiatives have enabled them to broaden their consumer base and extend their market presence.

- Financial services integration:

The partnership between Dongguan and financial institutions in Hong Kong has played a crucial role in facilitating the integration of financial services within the Greater Bay Area (GBA) (Gómez-Herrera et al., 2014). According to Gómez-Herrera et al. (2014), this collaborative effort facilitates financial activities, investments, and the movement of capital across borders. This, in turn, contributes to the expansion of firms in Dongguan and the overall advancement of the region's economic development.

To summarise, Dongguan plays a crucial role as a trade and logistics facilitator due to its advantageous position within the Greater Bay Area (GBA), its robust transport infrastructure, and its efforts to promote cross-border trade and integration (Gómez-Herrera et al., 2014). The geographical proximity of the region to Hong Kong and Macao, coupled with the establishment of logistics parks and ports, has significantly bolstered its capacity to facilitate and facilitate trade and logistical operations (Gómez-Herrera et al., 2014).

IV. Innovation and Entrepreneurship Hub

Dongguan, situated within the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, has strategically established itself as a prominent centre for innovation and entrepreneurship. This section examines the diverse range of initiatives and collaborative efforts to support startups and cultivate innovation within the Dongguan region.

A. Support for Startups and Entrepreneurship

1. Incubators and innovation centers in Dongguan

The provision of assistance and resources for startups and entrepreneurship endeavours. According to Pernía et al. (2014), Dongguan is home to incubators and innovation centres.

Dongguan has implemented incubators and innovation centres in order to offer assistance to entrepreneurs and cultivate entrepreneurial endeavours. These establishments provide a supportive atmosphere, guidance, and access to resources for fledgling enterprises. Prominent instances encompass the Dongguan Entrepreneurship and Innovation Base and the Songshan Lake Science and Technology Industrial Park, which accommodate many technology-oriented businesses.

2. Funding and policy support for startups:

Pernía et al. (2014) examined the provision of funding and policy support for startups. The Dongguan government has launched a range of financial programmes and policies aimed at providing support for startups and fostering entrepreneurship. Financial assistance is made available through grants, subsidies, and projects using venture capital. Furthermore, regulations are formulated to streamline the business registration process, alleviate administrative complexities, and foster entrepreneurship driven by innovation.

3. Success stories of Dongguan-based startups:

The study conducted by Pernía et al. (2014) examines the success stories of entrepreneurs in Dongguan. Dongguan has seen the growth of prosperous startups spanning all industries. One prominent illustration is DJI, a globally renowned producer of drones and aerial photography systems established in Dongguan. The technological innovation and entrepreneurial activities in Dongguan have been significantly bolstered by DJI's remarkable products and global achievements, thereby establishing the city as a prominent centre for innovation in the technology field.

B. Collaboration and Knowledge Transfer:

Collaboration and knowledge transfer refers to individuals or groups working together to share and exchange information, skills, and expertise. This collaborative approach allows for the dissemination and acquisition of knowledge, leading to

In this study, we aim to investigate the effects of a new drug on patients with a The establishment of collaborations with universities and research institutions has been explored by Perkmann and Walsh (2007).

1. Partnerships with universities and research institutions:

Dongguan engages in proactive partnerships with universities and research institutions to cultivate innovation and facilitate knowledge exchange. These collaborative alliances enable the undertaking of cooperative research initiatives, the commercialization of technologies, and the exchange of skilled individuals. Integrating academic research with practical applications in the corporate sector fosters collaborations that significantly contribute to the innovation ecosystem in Dongguan.

2. Technology transfer initiatives:

Dongguan facilitates technology transfer from colleges and research organisations to the commercial community(Woerter, 2011). Technology transfer offices and platforms are crucial in facilitating the licensing, patenting, and commercialising of intellectual property that academic and research institutions produce. This facilitates the ability of enterprises in Dongguan to leverage state-of-the-art technologies and foster innovation.

3. Examples of successful collaborations in Dongguan

Several fruitful collaborations in Dongguan are provided by Guerrero et al. (2017).

- The Dongguan University of Technology

The Dongguan University of Technology partners with local enterprises to facilitate the development and commercializing of novel goods and technology. This collaborative effort serves to increase the competitive advantage of both the institution and the participating firms.

- The Guangdong Industrial Technology Research Institute

The Guangdong Industrial Technology Research Institute has forged collaborative alliances with enterprises in Dongguan, intending to propel technical progress and foster industry-focused research and development endeavours.

In summary, Dongguan has successfully cultivated a conducive environment for the growth of startups and entrepreneurial endeavours by implementing various measures such as developing incubation centers, providing financial support, and formulating supportive regulations. The city engages in active collaboration with universities and research organisations to facilitate the advancement of innovation and the transfer of information. Implementing these measures and cooperation has played a significant role in fostering the growth of prosperous startups and establishing Dongguan as a prominent centre for innovation and entrepreneurship within the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area.

V. Environmental sustainability and green development.

A. Green Initiatives and Policies:

1. Environmental protection measures in Dongguan:

Dongguan has developed a range of environmental protection measures to demonstrate its dedication to sustainable development (Scherr & McNeely, 2007). These measures encompass stringent rules pertaining to controlling air and water pollution, waste management, and preserving ecological resources. According to Scherr and McNeely (2007), the municipality has significantly invested in cutting-edge pollution control technologies and infrastructure to mitigate its environmental footprint. The aforementioned activities exemplify Dongguan's commitment to promoting environmentally friendly initiatives and policies.

2. Promotion of renewable energy and sustainable practices:

Promoting renewable energy and sustainable practises is a significant area of emphasis in Dongguan's endeavours towards green development (Scherr & McNeely, 2007). The city aggressively promotes solar power utilisation by installing solar panels on rooftops and within industrial parks (Scherr & McNeely, 2007). Dongguan also endeavours to foster energy-efficient practises in both industrial and architectural sectors to mitigate carbon emissions and advance a more sustainable economy (Scherr & McNeely, 2007). The endeavours mentioned above follow the worldwide patterns of incorporating renewable energy and moving towards a future characterised by reduced carbon emissions (Abdmouleh et al., 2015).

3. Case studies on green development projects:

According to Scherr and McNeely (2007), Dongguan has effectively implemented green development initiatives that exemplify sustainable urban development.

- Dongguan Songshan Lake Ecological Park:

The Dongguan Songshan Lake Ecological Park illustrates a green development initiative that effectively combines ecological preservation, recreational areas, and sustainable urban growth (Scherr & McNeely, 2007). According to Scherr and McNeely (2007), the park encompasses greenways, wetlands, and ecological corridors, creating a mutually beneficial habitat for human inhabitants and wildlife.

- Dongguan Eco-Industrial Park:

Another noteworthy initiative is the Dongguan Eco-Industrial Park, which emphasizes enhancing resource efficiency, minimising waste generation, and adopting environmentally friendly technologies (Scherr & McNeely, 2007). According to Scherr and McNeely (2007), this park exemplifies an environmentally sustainable industrial development paradigm within the surrounding area.

B. Eco-tourism and Nature Conservation:

1. Natural attractions in Dongguan:

Furthermore, Dongguan acknowledges the significance of eco-tourism and natural conservation alongside the implementation of green programmes and policies (Scherr & McNeely, 2007). The urban area has various natural features, including picturesque mountains, rivers, and wetlands (Scherr & McNeely, 2007). According to Scherr and McNeely (2007), these natural places play a significant role in supporting eco-tourism initiatives and offering various outdoor recreational activities, wildlife observation, and environmental education options.

2. Development of eco-tourism initiatives:

Dongguan has been proactively engaged in developing eco-tourism programs to foster sustainable tourism practises and preserve natural resources (Scherr & McNeely, 2007). According to Scherr and McNeely (2007), the municipality has implemented eco-tourism itineraries, designated areas for preserving natural habitats, and lodging options that prioritise environmental sustainability. The primary objective of these projects is to attract tourists while ensuring the maintenance of the area's ecological integrity (Scherr & McNeely, 2007).

3. Examples of successful eco-tourism projects in Dongguan:

- Ke Garden Wetland Park:

According to Scherr and McNeely (2007), two notable examples of successful eco-tourism initiatives in Dongguan include the Ke Garden Wetland Park and Nanshe Village. The Ke Garden Wetland Park serves as a platform for highlighting the significance of wetland preservation and the promotion of environmental education (Scherr & McNeely, 2007). The site provides visitors with a comprehensive and engaging encounter inside the natural ecosystem, emphasising the importance of wetlands in preserving biodiversity and managing water resources (Scherr & McNeely, 2007).

- Nanshe Village:

In contrast, Nanshe Village has successfully transformed into an eco-tourism destination through concerted efforts to save its cultural legacy, conserve the environment, and provide sustainable tourist opportunities (Scherr & McNeely, 2007). According to Scherr and McNeely (2007), those who visit Nanshe Village can participate in activities like organic farming, traditional handicraft workshops, and eco-friendly housing.

In general, Dongguan's endeavours toward environmental sustainability and green development involve diverse activities and regulations (Scherr & McNeely, 2007). According to Scherr and McNeely (2007), the municipality has enacted stringent environmental conservation policies, advocated for adopting renewable energy sources and sustainable methodologies, and undertaken prosperous initiatives in green urban development. Dongguan demonstrates an acknowledgment of the significance of eco-tourism and the preservation of nature, actively engaging in the development of eco-tourism endeavours and providing support for programmes that highlight the area's natural allure (Scherr & McNeely, 2007). The endeavours mentioned above exemplify Dongguan's dedication to fostering sustainable development and safeguarding its natural resources for the benefit of future generations.

VI. Cultural and social integration

The topic of cultural diversity and heritage is of significant importance in academic discourse.

A. Cultural Diversity and Heritage:

1. Cultural diversity in Dongguan:

Dongguan is renowned for its extensive cultural heterogeneity, attributable to its historical significance as a prominent commercial centre and its strategic positioning within the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) (Penner, 2002). The urban area accommodates diverse ethnic groupings, such as the Han Chinese, Hakka, and several other minority groups (Penner, 2002). The presence of a wide range of cultural elements within Dongguan significantly enhances the region's dynamic and lively social environment.

2. Preservation and promotion of cultural heritage:

Dongguan has undertaken initiatives to save and advance its cultural heritage (Penner, 2002). The city prioritises preserving historic sites, traditional rituals, and intangible cultural treasures (Penner, 2002). Dongguan's cultural festivals, exhibitions, and performances are strategically arranged to effectively display and promote the region's cultural legacy while cultivating a collective sentiment of pride and belonging among its populace (Penner, 2002).

3. Cultural Exchange Initiatives in the GBA:

Dongguan demonstrates proactive engagement in cultural exchange endeavours within the Greater Bay Area (Penner, 2002). Penner (2002) asserts that the organisation of collaborative activities, such as art exhibitions, music festivals, and cultural forums, fosters mutual understanding and respect among diverse cultures within the region. These initiatives serve to facilitate the process of cultural assimilation and promote a collective sense of togetherness and shared identity.

B. Social and Educational Development:

The topic of discussion pertains to the interplay between social and educational development.

1. Educational institutions and programs in Dongguan

According to Penner (2002), Dongguan has made significant investments in establishing and enhancing educational institutions and programmes to facilitate social integration and foster human capital development. According to Penner (2002), the urban area accommodates several educational institutions, including universities, vocational schools, and research institutes, which offer high-quality education and training prospects. These establishments play a significant role in fostering the cognitive and societal growth of the community.

2. Social development initiatives and welfare programs:

Dongguan has adopted a range of social development projects and welfare programmes intending to improve the overall well-being of its citizens (Penner, 2002). The programmes mentioned above encompass various initiatives, such as healthcare services, measures aimed at alleviating poverty, programmes providing social assistance, and projects focused on community development (Penner, 2002). Their objective is to enhance the standard of living and foster social integration within the urban area.

3. Examples of Dongguan's contributions to social integration in the GBA:

- Cross-border youth exchange programs:

Dongguan is proactive in cross-border youth exchange initiatives within the Greater Bay Area (Penner, 2002). According to Penner (2002), these programmes foster cultural awareness, enhance language competency, and facilitate reciprocal learning among young individuals from diverse geographical areas. They have a significant role in fostering social cohesion and promoting the establishment a cohesive and peaceful community.

- Community outreach and volunteerism:

The promotion of community outreach and volunteerism is actively supported in Dongguan as a strategy to facilitate social integration (Penner, 2002). Many community organisations and volunteer groups engage in various endeavours, including but not limited to environmental conservation, poverty reduction, and assisting disadvantaged populations (Penner, 2002). These activities enhance social cohesion and foster a collective feeling of accountability and compassion.

In summary, the cultural and social integration of Dongguan is distinguished by its wide cultural variety, endeavours to safeguard and advance cultural legacy, involvement in cultural exchange initiatives within the Greater Bay Area (GBA), allocation of resources to educational institutions and programmes, execution of social development initiatives and welfare schemes, participation in cross-border youth exchange programmes, and promotion of community outreach and volunteerism. These endeavours significantly contribute to Dongguan's dynamic social structure and collective cohesion.

VII. Conclusion

A. Recap of Dongguan's functional positioning in the GBA:

The functional placement of Dongguan within the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) is distinguished by its notable capabilities in manufacturing, innovation, entrepreneurship, environmental sustainability, and cultural and social integration. The urban environment assumes a pivotal and diverse function as a dynamic hub within the Greater Bay Area (Bj?rkman et al., 2007).

B. Summary of key findings and evidence supporting Dongguan's significance:

Throughout this analysis, several key findings and evidence have emerged to support Dongguan's significance within the GBA:

1. Manufacturing powerhouse:

Various crucial discoveries and evidence substantiate the relevance of Dongguan within the Greater Bay Area (GBA). The Greater Bay Area's (GBA) economic development has been dramatically influenced by the city's manufacturing sector, which has made substantial contributions. This sector has established prominence in several industries, including electronics, textiles, and furniture (Bj?rkman et al., 2007).

2. Innovation and entrepreneurship hub:

Furthermore, Dongguan has emerged as a prominent centre for innovation and entrepreneurship, cultivating a conducive environment for the growth of startups and individuals seeking to develop their businesses. This has been achieved by establishing incubators, innovation centres, and funding initiatives, as highlighted by Schwartz et al. (2006). The city engages in proactive efforts to foster collaboration, facilitate knowledge exchange, and drive technical progress by establishing collaborations with universities and research organisations (Schwartz et al., 2006).

3. Environmental sustainability and green development:

Moreover, Dongguan has successfully implemented a range of green initiatives, laws, and projects to foster environmental sustainability and promote eco-tourism development. The endeavours made by individuals and organisations are crucial in fostering the sustainable development of the Greater Bay Area (GBA) region, as highlighted by You et al. (2022).

4. Cultural and social integration:

Moreover, Dongguan's cultural diversity, history preservation, and social development projects have contributed to cultivating a collective identity and harmonious integration within the Greater Bay Area (GBA) (Grzymala-Kazlowska, 2014). According to Grzymala-Kazlowska (2014), the city actively participates in cultural exchange initiatives, educational advancements, and community outreach efforts to foster social cohesion and enhance well-being.

C. Implications for Dongguan's future development and the continued integration of the GBA:

The strategic geographical location of Dongguan within the Greater Bay Area (GBA) establishes a foundation for its prospective growth and the ongoing assimilation of the surrounding region. Dongguan's emphasis on innovation, entrepreneurship, environmental sustainability, and cultural integration is expected to enhance its appeal to potential investors, skilled individuals, and collaborative partnerships (Li et al., 2023). According to Zhang et al. (2020), the city's geographical position within the Greater Bay Area (GBA) and robust infrastructure are a solid basis for its prospective expansion and involvement in the regional economy.

Incorporating Dongguan into the Greater Bay Area (GBA) will enhance regional collaboration, foster economic harmonization, and facilitate cultural interchange. According to Cameron and Tedds (2022), the collaborative endeavours of the cities within the Greater Bay Area (GBA) in promoting innovation, sustainable development, and social integration can contribute to a more prosperous and peaceful future for the entire region.

In summary, the strategic positioning of Dongguan within the Greater Bay Area (GBA) as a dominant industrial centre, a hub for innovation and entrepreneurship, a proponent of environmental sustainability, and a catalyst for cultural and social integration underscores its importance within the region. The potential for economic growth, collaboration, and a more sustainable and inclusive future for the entire region is significant, as the city's future development and integration with other cities in the Greater Bay Area (GBA) have been highlighted in academic literature (Bj?rkman et al., 2007; Schwartz et al., 2006; Grzymala-Kazlowska, 2014; Cameron & Tedds, 2022; Li et al., 2023; You et al., 2022; Zhang et al., 2020).

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