A Stanford Psychologist Says This Is the Best Way to Praise Employees (Even Though Most Bosses Don't)

According to three basic truths, praising people motivates them, praising people encourages them, and praising people inspires them to even greater heights.

Impossible to argue with those statements?

Maybe not.

Depending on the approach you take, praising an employee -- or praising anyone -- can actually have the opposite effect. The difference lies in whether we assume skill is based on innate ability or on hard work and effort.

Put another way, are people born with certain talents, or can talent be developed? (I definitely think talent, even exceptional talent, can be developed.)

According to research on achievement and success by Stanford psychologist Carol Dweck, people tend to embrace one of two mental approaches to talent:

• Fixed mindset: The belief that intelligence, ability, and skill are inborn and relatively fixed--we "have" what we were born with. People with a fixed mindset typically say things like "I'm just not that smart" or "Math is not my thing."
• Growth mindset: The belief that intelligence, ability, and skill can be developed through effort--we are what we work to become. People with a growth mindset typically say things like "With a little more time, I'll get it" or "That's OK. I'll give it another try."

That difference in perspective can be molded by the kind of praise we receive, and that often starts when we're kids. For example, say you are praised in one of these ways:

• "Wow, you figured that out so fast. You are so smart!"
• "Wow, you are amazing. You got an A without studying!"

Sounds great, right? The problem is that other messages hide inside those statements:

• "If I don't figure things out really quickly, I must not be very smart."
• "If I do have to study, I must not be amazing."

The result of those messages is a fixed mindset: We start to assume we are what we are. Then, when the going gets tough and we struggle, we feel helpless because we think what we "are" isn't good enough.

And when we think that, we stop trying.

When you praise employees only for achievements -- or criticize employees for short-term failures -- you help create a fixed mindset environment. In time, employees see every mistake as a failure. They see a lack of immediate results as a failure. In time, they can lose motivation and even stop trying.

After all, why try when trying won't matter?

Fortunately, there's another way: Make sure you focus on praising effort and application, too:

• "Great job! I can tell you put a lot of time into that. Here are a couple of things you can work on to help you do even better next time."
• "Great work! You finished that much more quickly than the last time. Thanks for working so hard to get it done."

The difference? You still praise results, but you praise results that are based on the premise of effort, and not on an assumption of innate talent or skill.

By praising effort, you help create an environment where employees feel anything is possible -- all they have to do is keep trying.

The same principle applies to how you encourage employees. Don't say "I know you'll get this; you're really smart," because "you're really smart" assumes an innate quality the employee either has or does not have.

Instead, say "I have faith in you. You're a hard worker. I've never seen you give up. I know you'll get this."

To consistently improve employee performance, build a work environment with a growth mindset. Not only will your team's skills improve, but your employees will be comfortable taking more risks as well.

When failure is seen as a step on the road to eventual achievement, risks are no longer something to avoid. Risk, and occasional failure, will simply be expected steps along the way toward success.

My new book, The Motivation Myth: How High Achievers Really Set Themselves Up To Win, will be published on Jan. 9 by Penguin Random House. It overturns the idea that motivation leads to success; Instead, small successes lead to constant motivation and let you achieve your biggest goals -- while also having more fun. And it lays out strategies guaranteed to create those successes. Pre-order it now and you'll be my new best friend.