A stakeholder perspective on performance management

By Christian Frantz Hansen, Implement Consulting Group

A proper performance management system should be holistic and encompass a wide range of business activities to provide a nuanced overview of how the business is running. To review the reach of your organization’s performance metrics, follow these three simple steps.

Step 1: Map the organization’s stakeholders

All organizations rely on collaboration and interaction with key stakeholder groups. Establishing a stakeholder map and outlining the characteristics of each stakeholder group, and the nature of the relationship, allow an organization to understand its operating environment. 

Figure 1 - A generic stakeholder map

Step 2: Map performance metrics to stakeholder groups

For each key performance indicator in the organization’s performance management system, determine what stakeholder groups, it relates to. Use a table like the one shown below.

Figure 2 - Counting number of KPIs per stakeholder group

When the table has been filled in, sum the number of KPIs relating to each stakeholder group and consider the following:

• Are any stakeholders not represented in the current performance metrics? Should they be?
• Are the KPIs evenly distributed across our stakeholder groups? Should they be?
• Are any of our stakeholder groups represented by multiple KPIs? If so, are any of the KPIs substitutes, i.e. they measure the same thing?
• Are the KPIs reflecting the critical aspects of each stakeholder relationship?

Answering these questions should give you a good indication of to what extend the performance management setup covers the entire range of your organizations business activities.

Step 3: Identify the point-of-view of your performance metrics

When evaluating a stakeholder relationship, there is essentially two basic approaches:

1. Inside-out: what is in it for us (the business)
2. Outside-in: what is in it for them (the stakeholder group)

Thus, for each stakeholder group, ask yourself:

• Related to this relationship, what constitutes high performance to our organization?
• Related to this relationship, what constitutes high performance to the stakeholder group?

After successfully answering these two performance questions, you should be able to see if your current KPI has an inside-out or outside-in perspective. You should also be able to define alternative performance measures for each perspective. Despite reflecting the same relationship, KPIs related to each aspect - inside-out or outside-in - tend to differ quite a bit. 

As an example, let’s review an organization’s relationship to its customers. The organization might consider performance in terms of customer profitability. On the other hand, the customers might consider performance in terms of value for money. Consequently, to gauge performance related to the customers as a stakeholder group, potential performance indicators include either “average profit margin per customer” or “customer satisfaction score”. Which one is right depends on what aspect of the stakeholder relationship you want to focus on.

Figure 3 - Analyzing stakeholders from different perspectives

Organizations tend to focus on the inside-out perspective when defining KPIs – after all, it is a human inclination to focus on our self-interests. However, neglecting the outside-in perspective creates a blind spot to important performance-related information. Thus, for each performance measure, ask yourself:

• What perspective does this performance measure reflect – the organization’s or the stakeholder group’s?
• What would be a proper performance measure from the opposite perspective?

Working your way through these three steps should yield critical information about your performance management setup, and outline how holistic it really is from a stakeholder point-of-view.

What to learn more about this topic? Here's an article on the common performance management pitfalls.

Need help?

If you need assistance with performance management related issues, please reach out to me at [email protected]