SQA Methodology

1. **Waterfall Model:** In this traditional approach, each phase of the software development life cycle (requirements, design, development, testing, deployment) is completed sequentially. Testing occurs after development is complete, and any defects found are addressed before moving to the next phase.

2. **Agile Methodology:** Agile approaches (e.g., Scrum, Kanban) emphasize iterative and incremental development. Testing is integrated throughout the development cycle, with smaller development cycles known as "sprints." Teams work collaboratively and adjust priorities based on feedback.

3. **DevOps:** DevOps focuses on seamless collaboration between development and IT operations. Continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) pipelines are used to automate testing, deployment, and monitoring, enabling faster and more reliable software releases.

4. **Test-Driven Development (TDD):** In TDD, tests are written before the actual code. Developers create tests that describe the expected behavior, then write code to make the tests pass. This approach ensures that tests cover the expected functionality and can aid in preventing defects.

5. **Behavior-Driven Development (BDD):** BDD focuses on defining software behavior using a natural language syntax that both technical and non-technical stakeholders can understand. Test scenarios are written in a "Given-When-Then" format.

6. **V-Model:** Similar to the waterfall model, the V-Model emphasizes a parallel relationship between testing and development phases. For each development phase, there is a corresponding testing phase. This model aims to catch defects early in the development process.

7. **Exploratory Testing:** This approach involves testers actively exploring the software to uncover defects without predefined test cases. Testers use their intuition, domain knowledge, and creativity to simulate real user interactions.

8. **Risk-Based Testing:** Test efforts are focused on areas of the application that have the highest risk of defects. This approach involves identifying critical functionalities and potential vulnerabilities to prioritize testing efforts.

9. **Automated Testing:** Automated testing involves writing scripts or using tools to automate repetitive and time-consuming testing tasks. Automated tests can be run quickly and consistently, improving efficiency and test coverage.

10. **Static Testing:** This involves reviewing documentation, code, and other artifacts without executing the software. Static testing can help identify defects early and ensure adherence to coding standards and best practices.

11. **Pair Testing:** Two testers collaborate to test an application together. This approach encourages knowledge sharing, brainstorming, and broader test coverage.

12. **Model-Based Testing:** Test cases are generated based on a model of the system's behavior. This approach helps ensure that test cases cover all possible scenarios defined by the model.

Each of these SQA methodologies offers a different approach to ensuring software quality, and the choice of methodology often depends on the project's goals, requirements, timeline, and team composition.