Smart Homes and IoT (Looking ahead)

The technological development that accompanied the end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century, the emergence of communication and information technologies, was mainly reflected in the form of life and the way in which different activities were performed, leading to the emergence of a society of a new style increasingly dependent on digital knowledge and techniques. Through virtual means rather than ordinary means, is called the knowledge society or digital society.

The development of the concept of the city as a result of this development in the uses of information technology, and the corresponding advances in scientific fields, and appeared several names for cities based on technologies such as digital cities, electronic, virtual, cognitive, and smart. All of these cities are linked to geography, not geographic assumption. The main engine of their development is the society's dependence on knowledge and technology, and the emergence of spaces based on technology and digital representation. The aim of these cities is to provideTime element. the city's infrastructure in all areas where services are available

Efficiency, in addition to eliminating the spatial dimension of the components of cities and urban elements and provide These cities rely on technology, providing interactive services for individuals and virtual city space. Smart cities, however, are characterized by their social and environmental dimension. These cities embrace the concept of sustainability as well as the concept of participation.

Therefore, the rules and standards that are common in urban planning are not sufficient to meet the requirements of the rapid development of modern technologies. Therefore, plans should be developed to suit the future needs of cities in the era of Internet stuff, and to benefit from the concept of smart cities and their applications. Smart cities.

Smart Cities concept

The great development in the field of information technology led to a huge boom in the use of technology and development in all activities. New uses such as e-learning, e-learning, university, government and e-commerce have emerged. Because cities are the place where people practice various life activities that have become highly dependent on technology, There have been changes in their composition so that these activities can be carried out. No city without telecommunications networks serving its population in various fields, but the technical development has led to the dependence of some cities mainly on the technologies leading to the back The new models of cities are based on electronics and networks. They are called smart cities, for both the society and the modern economy rely on knowledge and innovation as the main engine for city development and the emergence of technology-based spaces. And IT-based collaborative environments. Intelligent city components are associated with traditional development theories such as transport, economics, natural resources, and quality of life.

Smart city components:

Smart economy: It is linked to a range of factors, such as the flexibility of the labor market and international relations, in addition to activating the role of scientific research and techniques in raising the economic level.

Smart life: A range of activities that contribute to the provision of a good life, including cultural, educational and tourism, and emphasize the quality of the health system, and the provision of distinctive buildings.

Smart environment: The availability of a smart environment is linked to several factors such as managing natural resources, protecting the environment and reducing pollution. Smart people: It requires the creation of intelligent cities that provide adequate level of culture to individuals and work to increase their level of creativity.

Intelligent Mobility: The provision of a smart transport system depends on the transport system's interconnection of technologies to create secure transport systems.

Smart Government: Developing the government work system through information technology and providing government services using information technology.

Smart cities consist of: networks, data bases, applications, and e-services. ICT infrastructure is the basis of smart city development and consists of a set of network-related elements. These are sensors used to meet the required level of control,The network includes a variety of communication devices, fiber optic, radio and satellite. These networks also deal with monitoring programs and distributed sensors in large areas. Through these technologies and networks, data collection is processed through a set of software that allows these The components have many opportunities, such as securing effective communications within cities and developing new ways to provide services that facilitate dealing with the government and create new opportunities for education. These requirements are:

First: Wide networks (wired, wireless):

Where large-scale networks are used to transfer data from sensors and various technologies to control centers, to support self-response, which is a key component of a smart city, and to provide a mechanism for exchanging data and information between groups of individuals and organizations.

1. Large-scale wired networks:

- Fiber optic networks:

It is a wired network. It is characterized by a huge data transfer capacity. A large amount of information can be transmitted through it. It is very high speed. It is economical. However, the initial cost is high. It requires highly trained technical personnel. Computer & Internet Networks,

- Digital Subscriber Line Network:

Which is the delivery of digital services over regular telephone lines. And fault that the length of the line from the telephone station to the subscriber negatively affect the large data transfer rates.

2. Large-scale wireless networks:

- High-speed wireless transmission and speed:

 This network uses radio waves to exchange information instead of wires, it is able to penetrate barriers, and high speed in the transfer and reception of data, and provides wireless Internet in public places through the so-called access points Access Point and called the coverage area Hot Spot, Wi-Fi is available for use, the coverage range of these networks ranges between 45: 90 meters indoors and several kilometers outside, and it is characterized that the preparation of networks fast and easy, they do not need wiring extensions, and can move the devices in all directions, Via Wi-Fi to 54 megabytes And can be installed in places where cables are difficult to extend, but they consume a lot of power, and their coverage is limited. They can be used to connect to the Internet via the local wireless network, or to communicate directly between computers (If the computers are in the same coverage area for global microwave data exchange), is a communications network designed to provide wireless data over long distances and reaches distances in the case of direct visual vision to more than 13 km and may reach 13 m YouTube. It is similar to Wi-Fi in its work, but the area of coverage is larger and it is advantageous that it can reach in case of visionIt also enables high-speed, high-speed video transmission to multiple locations and supports mobility technology to connect vehicles to a central office that monitors movement and responds to changes. It is equipped with advanced technologies to ensure the security of communications and is characterized by great flexibility

The WiMAX multi-functional network meets many of the requirements of smart cities by providing a wide range of applications and services including: Achieving security and public safety: through remote surveillance systems ie video surveillance of streets and public areas, and important events such as ports, airports, Train stations, sports venues in addition to providing broadband connectivity for mobile networks and video transmission, providing GPS data and connecting city buildings with each other.

It also provides an intelligent transmission system through traffic monitoring and central control of light signals, providing warnings and information to drivers on the condition of roads, and preparing infrastructure for electricity, gas and water networks, equipped with electronic meters, building educational networks, e-learning to facilitate communication, The network provides an efficient infrastructure in terms of performance, efficiency and coverage. It also meets the diverse applications and services required by the Smart City, a multi-functional network.

Second: Global Mobile Telecommunications System:

 Is the third generation of mobile communications technology, the basic principle of this system is to divide the service area into cells, and uses the tower to cover each cell, the system provides many services, such as voice and image transmission, Internet services, the coverage of satellite coverage, High data.

Satellite Internet

The ability of satellites to cover large areas of the globe, and not affected by geographical terrain makes it the best solution for the provision of telecommunications service, especially in remote areas that do not have a telecommunications infrastructure, in addition to Internet services and positioning and summarizes the technology distributed by a set of satellites in orbits The satellite is connected to a particular area, and communication between satellites and earth stations is connected to terrestrial networks, and satellites are connected to each other, to transmit communication to other areas, and represent the speed of data transmission, coverage and cost factors Essential for selecting smart city networks, and for choosing optimal networks, it is necessary to distinguish between the first two cases of building new smart cities, and second, transforming existing cities into technologically intelligent cities.

In the first case, it is preferable to rely on wireless networks. It provides ideal coverage. It is characterized by wired networks at the speed of data transfer and low cost. For example, the cameras and surveillance systems can be connected to the city and other applications using wired broadband networks. Cost and more time-consuming.

In the second case, it is preferable to rely on networks in the cities, whether wired or wireless to reduce the cost, and if the adoption of these cities on wired networks can be added wireless network such as WiMAX in addition toTo several substations. If partial coverage of wireless networks is available, ways can be found to integrate networks, ie, to replace fragmented networks with integrated and efficient networks.

Data collection techniques:

Technique: Radio-frequency Identification

It is intended to identify radio waves using smart chips, where information is stored and read

By hand-held, automatic, fast and secure readers. It is possible to encrypt the information stored so that it is read only by the authorized persons only, which makes it impossible to falsify or change information. It consists of a data storage and transfer device, a device for reading and writing data and a communication antenna between devices and the reader. Radio is equipped with a battery and connect this chip up to 100 m Inert cards reflect the radio signals are not equipped with battery and rely on the reader's energy and short distances up to several meters 4-5 meters, and have applications in several areas such as transport, medicine, media, trade, culture .

Sensors:

 Many data are collected on site, health status, weather, traffic, radioactivity and other information on climatic conditions.

Surveillance Cameras :

These include tools for processing and analyzing data, simulation tools and demonstration. These tools are essential for digital management. Smart cities rely on a variety of software and tools that work through the Internet. There is a major difference between online tools, GIS, Computer, where the tools on the Internet offer the possibility of interaction digitally, while others are limited to represent the physical vacuum digitally

Smart cities applications

The electronic government:

It means simplifying the work through the application of information and communication technology in the management of information and transactions between institutions on the one hand and between the government and the residents on the one hand, in other words, the development of the government work system using modern electronic means to provide government services through multiple channels that facilitate performance and make them more efficient by saving time Effort and cost and is a key element for the development of smart cities, their applications and technologies determine the mechanism of the city, and provide a smart environment for work, and requires the development of e-government, a change in the administrative structure and management in the city, Electronic information availability through a website and the ability to communicate and exchange information and perform electronic services, including the signing of applications and electronic delivery of papers and official documents and services provided by the e-government are:The services of citizens means to provide all kinds of government services to citizens electronically, such as property documents, building permits, etc. from anywhere and at any time, through different communication networks and services of the government sector. It means exchanging information and transmissions between government agencies of all types and levels. Without conflict, and the services of employees concerned with transactions between different government agencies and their employees.

In addition to the services of the commercial sector and deals with transactions between different government agencies and commercial establishments. The system allows for conducting business transactions in electronic form and in the application of e-government. The privacy of the data must be taken into consideration. Service providers, and easy access to public data is a basic requirement for activating e-government and its benefits, saving time and the possibility of activating data acquisition and electronic transactions, and its objectives facilitate the Aided between government agencies, and to encourage the collection and dissemination of information and exchange, as well as to enhance transparency and improve performance and decision support.

Three levels of e-government can be defined: the level of dissemination of information, the level of interaction with citizens and the level of contracting with citizens. The first phase of e-government should not be limited to the dissemination of information. In addition to documenting the administrative work of the government, training of human resources, and securing the necessary infrastructure, as well as the development and exchange of information standards.