SMART GRID SOLUTIONS FOR THE RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNICAL LIMITS

When solar and wind type natural resources are used in renewable energy-based power generation facilities, there is a side that these natural resources are uncontrollable, as well as the great attraction of reducing fuel costs. This aspect is perhaps one of the situations that best describes the concept of renewable, from which it is named. Renewable energy sources are in constant transformation, helping us to prevent the pollution of our world, and although we cannot control the source itself, it will be possible for us to find the most efficient use by adapting to the variability of the source. Adapting to the variability of the source is also possible with smart grid solutions in the energy sector. Within the scope of this study, smart grid solutions that will be suitable to be used in order to overcome the constraints of renewable energy sources in the energy sector will be examined. Solutions are classified as network automation in which the equipment of the energy network is managed remotely, automation of meters used to collect energy measurement values of connection points, storage solutions to be connected to energy networks or renewable energy facilities so that energy can be stored and used at any time, and processing data collected from automation systems. The use of smart grids by renewable energies provides more opportunities for electrification's new uses for renewable energy, and as a result, the renewable energy industry grows more.

The most efficient use of renewable energy sources takes place in professionally licensed power generation facilities with large powers. It is not possible to establish large capacities in renewable energy production facilities used in living spaces due to many technical or natural reasons. Among these reasons, the leading issues are the limited areas in areas such as residences or workplaces, the fact that natural resources such as wind may be more limited and the constant changes in renewable energy sources during the day that will form the center of this study.

As renewable energy sources (such as solar and wind) fluctuate during the day, generation capacity decreases. In addition to fluctuating power changes, voltage changes are often encountered. If the voltage change is connected to the electrical network to which our house or facility is connected, more imbalance and malfunctions may occur in the connecting equipment. With the increase in energy storage possibilities, it will be possible to use the facilities based on renewable energy sources by minimizing the effect of grid imbalance. Another benefit of energy storage is that this amount can be used at different times if the energy production is higher than the consumption demand of the houses or facilities they are associated with. The increase in storage capacity will increase supply and power generation facilities established in smaller locations will also increase. When excess energy is produced in areas without energy storage, selling this excess demand energy back to the grid is also a common method in the energy market at present.

Constant changes in renewable energy sources can cause energy production capacity constraints. In addition, changes occur in terms of voltage value, which is technically a part of the instantaneous power concept, and as a result, it creates problems in the connection of the facilities to the electrical network and also causes malfunctions in the devices in the electrical network with which it interacts. In the content of the study, smart grid solutions such as grid automation, meter automation, energy storage, big data and energy trading will be focused on to solve the technical problems caused by renewable energy. The increase in solutions to overcome technical constraints will increase the amount of production and thus the power generation facilities established in areas with lower capacity than professional facilities such as residences will also increase.

THE STATUS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN TURKEY

Renewable energy sources are aimed to be included in the support mechanisms of the state with their contribution to the energy security of our country and their direct impact on domestic production and employment increase. These supports include purchase guarantees that make it attractive for private companies or individuals to invest. YEKDEM Renewable Energy Resources Support Mechanism has provided incentives for many investments in recent years. In particular, the long-term purchase guarantee and the exemptions it provides, in addition to being in foreign currency, enable renewable energy facilities to compete with their competitors with larger capacity in the energy market.

Renewable Energy Resources Support Mechanism (YEKDEM) is the name of the principles and procedures regarding the prices, durations and payments to be made to these individuals or legal entities through the supply companies in charge of the licensed or unlicensed production of energy from renewable energy sources. Such renewable energy generation facilities, after their internal needs are met in their production, in case the owner of the network they are connected to gives their production to the electricity distribution system, with unit prices varying according to the generation resource type (7.3 cents per kWh for hydroelectric power facilities, 7.3 $ cents per kWh for wind power facilities, 10.5 $ cents per kWh for geothermal power plants, 13.3 $ cents per kWh for biomass and solar power plants) are purchased with a 10-year purchase guarantee. The amount of electrical energy transferred to the distribution system in this way is purchased by the retail sales license holder working in the distribution region.

In the latest sector report (EMRA, 2020) published by the Electricity Market Regulatory Authority on the date of this study, the amount of energy provided by licensed generation is 24.502.629 MWh, and the installed Power provided by licensed generation is 89.343 MW. When we look at the part of renewable energy sources among these figures; The amount of installed power of the energy provided by unlicensed generation is MW, the amount of surplus purchased of the energy provided by unlicensed generation is 943.003 MWh, the amount of electricity generation benefiting from the Renewable Energy Resources Support Mechanism is 3.908.194 MWh and the payment made by the Renewable Energy Resources Support Mechanism is 3.113.577.945 It was realized in TL.

Unlicensed power generation facilities are mostly connected to the power distribution system at medium voltage (MV) or low voltage (LV) level according to the technical characteristics of the generation facilities and the current capacity of the power distribution system at the connection point. In case the transformers at the connection point are in public use, the total capacity of the electricity generation facilities connected at low voltage level should not exceed more than 50 percent of the transformer power. The restriction here is taken so that the consumers on the same power line of the generation facility are not affected by the generation facilities.

TECHNICAL LIMITATIONS OF ENERGY GENERATION BASED ON RENEWABLE RESOURCES

Due to the nature of renewable energy sources, the amount of input varies a lot during the day, between the days of the month and seasonally. We prefer to use renewable energy sources because the products are generally free of charge, but this cost is reflected to us as operating costs at the next stage. Sometimes, the effect of variability also means that the supply is not fully utilized, beyond facing greater costs and worse financial conditions. The inability to use the supply completely will be experienced after the consumption devices, systems or electrical network to which the production facility is connected stop working with its own protection mechanisms when it comes to the point that the technical limits of the electricity network are exceeded. Since it is an undesirable scenario that the supply in energy production is completely stopped and this process is due to unplanned technical needs, technical solutions that can be used for this issue are discussed. Today, there are many manufacturers that push their facilities into unplanned conditions without taking any precautions.

In the report published by the Electricity Market Regulatory Authority (EMRA, 2020), the values of the days that change during the month and the values that change according to the hours of the day are seen:

Figure 1: Electricity Market Sector Report October 2020 Distribution of Generation within the Scope of YEKDEM by Resources on a Daily Basis (MWh)

Figure 2: Distribution of Generation within the Scope of YEKDEM by Resources (MWh) on an Hourly Basis in the October 2020 Period of the Electricity Market Sector Report

In addition to the intraday changes experienced in renewable energy sources, instantaneous changes are also experienced instantaneously for many different reasons. For example, in a solar power generation facility, at the time of the day when the highest production capacity can be reached, a cloud between the facility and the sun causes the amount of sunshine to decrease, and since there is no opportunity to prevent this local meteorological situation, which is not possible to predict in any way, it is necessary to take precautions on its effects. This is a very common situation; Energy monitoring was recorded at 5 solar power generation facilities in Eski?ehir during the summer of 2019, as shown in the figure below. In this way, the places that need special attention are; These are the values of a solar power generation plant approaching the lower limit of the expected voltage range with a sudden collapse between 8 and 12 o'clock and 2 solar power generation plants approaching the upper limit of the expected voltage range between 12 and 16 o'clock.

If these solar power generation plants exceed the expected voltage range at the point where they are connected to the electricity distribution network, the energy supply of the network branch to which the power plants are connected becomes difficult. To explain technically; In order to achieve the required voltage values in the use of devices in Turkey at the end points of the lines in the distribution networks, energy is provided with higher values. In summary, by giving values above the middle value at the beginning of the line, it is aimed not to experience voltage values far below the middle value at the end of the line. To talk about values, these lines are established by adjusting the 37.950 Volt line at the beginning of the line, which is 10 percent more than the average value, and at the end of the 31,050 Volt line, which is 10 percent less than the middle value, in the 34.500 Volt medium voltage lines that are most used in Turkey. While the operating voltage at the end of the distribution system line should be between approximately 31,000 Volts and 34,500 Volts, if a highly variable renewable energy source facility such as the sun produces energy with a voltage value above 37,000 Volts, the reflection of this voltage to the beginning of the line will cause it to exceed the value determined for the power line. is happening. One of the most important factors here is that the power capacity of the production facilities is large enough to create a change in the capacity of the line. If the voltage value provided by the renewable energy facility is too high, in case of reflection of this load on the network, the nominal values are exceeded and even the line is completely de-energized in order not to be damaged by means of protection equipments.

Figure 3: Intraday technical values measured at solar power generation facilities during the summer of 2019

All consumers on the line whose energy is cut off are also victims of this situation. On the contrary, if the voltage value provided by the renewable energy facility is very low, it falls far below the nominal values with the reflection of this load on the grid, and even if there is energy in the grid, the required voltage values for the operation of the devices cannot be achieved. If the voltage values are outside the range suitable for the operation of the devices, malfunctioning or even burning of the device may occur. In this case, a very complex compensation situation arises. Although there is a renewable energy facility that causes the devices to burn, it is the distribution company that is responsible to the consumers on this line. Although it is the distribution company that gives the technical approvals for the connection of this facility, it still suffers if the limits are pushed.

The electricity distribution network is a public common and vital asset with very old parts. In some settlements, the lengths of the lines push the technical limits, but a solution has been created with these lines as the most economical way to supply energy to the existing settlements to distant consumption points. In this way, the places far from the settlements have more potential for renewable energy generation facilities compared to the settlements. While there is a small amount of consumption in rural areas where there are many fields and empty areas, there is a production opportunity that is many times more than this consumption capacity. The proximity of the renewable energy generation facility to the connection point creates a big difference in terms of the cost of this facility. As the distance increases, the line distance increases, and besides the increase in the amount of materials used here, it is necessary to take additional measures to manage the distance.

SMART GRID SOLUTIONS TO EXCEED TECHNICAL LIMITS

Network Automation

Grid automation solutions are used to manage the solutions of the problems examined in the section of technical constraints of energy production based on renewable resources, to carry out operations in large-scale systems without human touch, and to collect measurement data from multiple points on the grid.

When we examine the practical applications of managing the problems specific to renewable energy sources with grid automation; It is necessary to monitor the technical limit values of power and voltage values in the electrical network at the connection points, and to limit or stop the production in order not to damage the electrical network to which these values reach the lower and upper limits. On some days, the energy source increases a lot and this increase in resources can be much higher than expected. For example, too much increase in the amount of sun can cause an excessive increase in the power in production and the voltage value, which is its composition. In such a case, it will be possible to limit the high production so that it is not completely lost by using the system automation of the smart grid.

Network automation; SCADA DMS OMS system works with energy analyzers, quality recorders and TE?A? integration components. The data collected through these components are checked whether they meet the technical qualification criteria and these data are transmitted to the analysis process. Network analyzes are performed on data that has been quality controlled and combined according to their relational structure. The results obtained as a result of the analysis studies are evaluated in terms of root cause. SCADA System allows instant monitoring of stations in the electrical network. All data generated during this monitoring is stored in the DMS distribution management system. The data obtained in the past are used in processes such as improving field operations and creating decision support mechanisms.

Since they are systems used to manage energy production and distribution, such as SCADA, Distribution management system and Energy interruption management, which are automation technologies of energy networks, they are critical infrastructures, so they should be protected from cyber attacks and attacks. With the increase in the use of these technologies, awareness on the subject increases, large-scale distribution network operators, national or international integrated transmission networks and large production facilities operators provide further development of technology against cyber attacks. Today, since the management of energy facilities is mainly done by communication, in case of malicious seizure of these networks, it will be possible to manage not only electricity control but also the resources we use in other social life in the region where the network is obtained. All sectors have a vital dependence on electricity, and life without electricity experiences difficulties even for short periods.

All measurable values monitored by network automation are required to move within the limits we want. If we consider the scenario of preventing the voltage values transferred in detail in the previous section from going out of the network nominal values; It is not desired that the value of the voltage be much below or above 34500 Volts. In this case, the issue of what should be the acceptable fluctuation size in the system in case of voltage fluctuation is evaluated technically and these limits are defined when defining that voltage to the system. For example, by setting a limit in the automation system for a notification to occur if the value of 34,500 Volts is 32,000 Volts, if the voltage value drops to 32,000 Volts and below, the system can also perform physical operations by making maneuvers on the electrical network without the users needing to do anything.

By installing control and measuring devices at the connection points of the electrical network, tasks are sent to the network equipment, if there are missing parameters in the system, they are provided instantly and measurement values are taken continuously. Data is collected at various measurement periods in order to ensure the quality of service in the energy market and to ensure the system is continuous. In order to catch up with the speed of electrical energy, while the values are in milliseconds in network analyzers, these periods can be even shorter in network quality measurement devices. (Schneider, 2018) In the light of these collected data, it is verified whether there is any problem at the relevant grid point. If there is any technical deterioration effect, the technical problem type is determined. Bidirectional automation systems can identify problems as well as perform predefined maneuvers.

Network automation investments, the scope of which is expanding day by day, were made at the first stage at the transmission and connection points of electricity distribution companies, energy distribution main centers formed by grouping distribution centers, large customers and production facilities connection points, which is the focus of our study. From this point of view, the importance of production resources and the league in which they are located can be understood. In some cases, even a small production facility connected to a part of the networks with huge loads creates significant changes in technical quality and causes difficulties in maintaining the supply-demand balance, which has a very prominent commercial dimension. If there is a point where energy sources such as solar and wind are connected, monitoring and intervention becomes more critical with grid automation there.

In the examples we mentioned above, mainly in case of connection to the energy grid, precaution had to be taken to ensure the technical quality conditions in the connected grid. There are alternatively micro-grids and off-grid solutions in renewable energy facilities (?etinba? et al., 2018). In off-grid solutions, storage is almost a must-have component. Even in the case of alternative sources, storage is required because there is no network connection due to both the imbalance of the sources and sometimes their absence. Although the situation is similar in micro-grids, it will be possible to feed this micro-grid from the network for balancing in case this micro-grid is connected to a network for energy supply. Even if the micro grid has a predominantly variable renewable energy supply, smart grid solutions should be used so that the micro grid does not have a negative impact on the large grid it is connected to.

Meter Automation

The smartness of the meters in meter automation, which is an important leg of the smart grid, is possible by using two-sided online communication between the system and the meters. Transformation in the energy market was aimed with the inclusion of meters with a consumption above a certain amount within the scope of regulations and remote meter management applications, the main purpose of which is to provide instant monitoring of the meters that cover a large part of the energy market in terms of consumption. Priority was given to these points for the monitoring of the customers with the largest consumption and important connection points, and it was ensured that a significant amount of all energy consumption was monitored in a short time. GSM technology was preferred because these selected meters are geographically dispersed, measurement points of the facilities are generally separated from each other and they are easily accessible in our country. Since 2010, smart meter investments have gained momentum and different technology needs have emerged. Many different communication technology projects have been carried out around the world and new ones are being made at the same speed. E.g; PLC technology, which communicates 35 million meters of Italy from the power line, has been adopted. If we look at the state of the Turkish energy market in these technologies, when we come to 2021, around 2 million smart meters are used in electricity networks throughout Turkey. Although the number of meters managed by PLC and RF technologies was not more than 10 percent of the total number at that time, a few years ago, the majority of them are made up of such technologies due to the pressure of loss and network recovery targets. These investments, which were difficult to make at the beginning of this short period of time, gained momentum when it was seen that the investment was received in return. Although taking provisions is mainly focused on theft and energy trade, the monitoring of renewable energy facilities is also within this scope. Because the monitoring of renewable energy facilities is more difficult than other types of facilities since there is a double-sided energy flow. In these facilities, it is obligatory to use the so-called 4-zone counters, where both production and consumption are measured in the same place.

State-supported R&D pilot projects have been carried out in our country for meter automation, technologies used in many parts of the world have been seen in regions with different geographical conditions. As expected from the study, the results vary according to the distribution regions. More gains were achieved in areas with problems in terms of network needs and illegal electricity use. The completed pilot trials will shed light on the major transformation projects to be made from now on and will guide the way for the right technology. In addition, as the projects prove to contribute to the country's economy, the support of regulatory institutions to provide project financing will pave the way for innovations.

With the transition to new technologies, besides meter reading, billing, remote cutting and energizing operations that can be done with automation, it is aimed to monitor the meters in the form of a network and simultaneously. Network gains greater than operational returns will be achieved by instantaneous monitoring of the entire network. Interruption management and quality monitoring in grid gains (monitoring losses, load control and phase balancing, etc.) are becoming more and more critical for the electric power industry. The needs of consumption points change from day to day and these changes are returning to distribution network operators as a new demand every day. In an environment that is monitored live, the hand of distribution network operators gets stronger and can foresee the situations they will encounter. By making the detection of outages/faults easier, downtime can be reduced, customer service satisfaction is increased by automatically giving the customer the instant real situation response, and imbalances and losses can be reduced by monitoring all points in a tree structure. Since the technical instantaneous situation of the distribution network is known, it is possible to keep the supply and demand under control by constantly monitoring.

With meter automation systems, automatic detection and correction of faulty production and consumption data, if desired, analysis and detection of suspicious situations such as malfunctions, leaks, power cuts and automatic sending to the relevant operation unit, recording of historical meter consumption data for use in subsequent estimation studies in required periods, Controlling more than one automatic meter reading software from the same place without being dependent on hardware manufacturers' software, operating systems of different technologies such as PLC, RF, GSM from the same place, providing integration of analysis applications as desired, preparing decision support analyzes, sending data to external systems in the frequency and format needed analysis of the network together with the meter data, defining the energy and income losses along the distribution network from the feeding point to the end point of the network, the attack data and information on the system can be deciphered.

a. Energy Storage Solutions

With energy storage, continuity in electricity supply and providing quality energy in the electricity grid become easier. If there is more energy production in areas without energy storage, a support mechanism is in place to sell the energy back to the grid. However, in case the power and voltage values exceed the limits that will not cause technical problems, there is no solution other than limiting or stopping the production in order to balance the supply and demand in the network. Storing energy instead of restricting or consciously stopping production will provide both commercial benefits and maintain system security.

There are many electrical, mechanical and chemical storage options that can be used for energy storage (Din?er & Ezan, 2020). It has also been seen in many studies conducted for the storage systems to work with the highest efficiency, that the biggest alternative to limiting production is storage solutions in order not to reflect the imbalance of unlicensed production to the network. While some of the mechanical solutions have been used since the time when humanity settled down, there are very effective solutions that have been developed recently.

Batteries, which are one of the most studied subjects in today's world, are mainly used in electronic materials and have come into the focus of attention with indispensable products of our lives such as portable computers and mobile phones. Electric vehicles, which need many times more capacity in terms of battery and capacity, will create a new revolution. It is inevitable that there will be improvements in many areas, from reducing the area they occupy in battery technologies with high capacity use to heating problems. With the increase in the capacity of the batteries, it will provide backup energy in the electricity grid and will be able to meet the changes in supply more easily. When we consider the issue with a renewable energy perspective, batteries

As renewable energy investments increase and they are used more in our living spaces, it will be inevitable to have high-capacity storage facilities nearby. It is foreseen that the areas in the house will be insufficient in terms of the placement of these storage facilities. While there is little space even for social areas in newly constructed buildings, allocating space for activities such as storage will appear as another problem. Having storage facilities in the common areas of our living spaces also has disadvantages. For example, it is revealed with the studies that it can cause noise and heat problems in battery-containing energy storage systems (Ta?c?karao?lu & Erdin?, 2019).

a. Big Data and Energy Trading

It was stated in the meter automation section that double-sided energy measurement is mandatory for renewable energy facilities. In the Turkish energy market, the measurement of the production and consumption data of renewable energy facilities is mainly used in the processes that aim to produce its own energy and consume it in its own facility, and sell the excess produced over the network to which it is connected. In the content of these processes, the energy exchange and exchange values of commercially connected places are evaluated together, although they are not physically connected to the production point. In addition, in this evaluation, the values measured in 15-minute periods are clarified again with the production in these short time intervals and the total consumption, which may belong to more than one facility. In addition, there may be gaps in the data that needs to be received in such a short time period and by communication, and algorithms must work and make predictions to fill in these lost data.

The use of the values measured in 15-minute periods in the energy market is not only used for generation consumption netting, but also for estimating energy supply and demand, which is the main work area of energy trade. This is more critical for all types of energy as well as for renewable energy facilities, where we have emphasized supply uncertainty throughout the entire study. It tries to predict future times by using big data collected in the past for energy market demand and supply transactions. With the applications in energy supply and electricity retail companies in the private sector, intensive data moaning and then incomplete filling, wrong correction and analysis are made. Where the studied data are used; customers' invoicing transactions, profitability analysis studies for customer proposal preparation, operational transactions such as illegal losses and energy market transactions that affect commercial activities.

In our country, an energy exchange was established first for the electricity and then for the gas sector. This Exchange was founded in 2013 by Energy Markets Operations Inc. (EP?A?). EP?A? consists of Day Ahead Market, Intraday Market and Balancing power market mechanisms. The day-ahead market is the market where hourly transactions are operated daily, and the realized transactions provide a constant level of supply or demand during the relevant time period. The intraday market is a twenty-four hour market that operates only on the relevant day, in which transactions are continuously run on an hourly basis. After the offers given to the intraday market, it becomes mandatory to provide electricity supply or demand for the offer made. Ancillary services and balancing power market Creates real-time balancing in the energy market. The physical part of these mechanisms is also provided by Türkiye Elektrik üretim A.?. (TE?A?) is provided by. In order to balance the entire load throughout the country, supply and demand are carried out instantly through the National Load Dispatch Center. In order to do this, the National Load Dispatch Center works like the heart in the human body. Large capacities in supply and demand are followed and action is taken to balance it in case one party is missing. For example, at a time when the demand is very high, the National Load Dispatch Center demands new supply through EP?A? mechanisms, and capacities are provided by increasing the price. However, some days it is seen that all the physical capacity is used and there is still demand, in such times the National Load Dispatch Center has no choice but to reduce the demand and asks the lower level system operators to reduce the load. It is possible with the Balancing power market to provide the capacity that can be put into use very quickly by waiting for the National Load Dispatch Center to perform real-time balancing.

If the domestic demand cannot be met, providing energy from the international market, if possible, emerges as an alternative. The international one of our national energy exchange, which we examined above, has been open to the use of the sector for a long time. The most indispensable point of international energy trade is that the energy transmission lines of the nations are interconnected. These networks, which combine to increase the reliability of the electricity systems of the participating countries, have become widespread in recent years. Examples of these are Desertec Project 24, North Sea Offshore Grid 25 and Asia Super Grid 26 (O’Sullivan et al., 2017). In these multinational supergrids, countries that do not have renewable natural resources import energy, and resource-rich countries export energy to countries with high electricity prices. In this way, the excess supply that may occur in renewable energy can be used due to the difference in the time when the energy need peaks in different time periods, and the other party will be able to benefit from this. In addition to this advantage, disadvantages will also arise with the new foreign dependency that will occur. It is known that besides being a new foreign dependency, these networks make all participating countries equally vulnerable to security threats, and that a threat to a single country can lead to a threat to all participating countries.

Meter Data Management applications are the platform where big data applications are made that provide benefit from the volume of data collected instantly. This platform, which is mostly used for automatic meter reading system data, enables all meter data collected from the field to be turned into benefit. Billions of data belonging to millions of meters can be processed automatically in a short time without leaving it open to user interpretation and meeting security requirements.

Conclusion

Although the expansion of renewable energy facilities is preferred for many reasons such as clean and domestic resources, such facilities pose great difficulties in maintaining the balance of supply and demand to the electricity grid. The seasonal and daily changes of the wind, which is one of the most widely used energy sources, and the change of the light of the sun, which is another one of the most widely used energy sources, with both the angle of the earth and the clouds and similar formations in the atmosphere are the sources of serious imbalances.

Electricity networks have a layered structure from generation to transmission, from transmission to distribution, from distribution to customer. In order for this layered structure to stand, the energy lines of each part of it are monitored, and it is aimed to keep the entire network under constant control and its loads balanced. Achieving the balance is mainly managed with technical solutions, which we can call smart grid solutions today.

The smart grid can exist as a whole with the use of all equipment from measurement to control, automation technologies, information technologies, active demand management, energy storage and support systems such as map infrastructure. A cycle is formed, such as measuring data with high-precision devices, measuring the data with high-precision devices, processing the raw data that reaches the data warehouses with analytical applications, and then sending commands to the equipment used in network automation quickly if intervention is required.

As the development of smart grid technologies increases, both the costs of these automation technologies and the costs of renewable energy facilities decrease. The fact that the production is carried out at the highest level without forcing the upper limits of the network and the factors that will be encountered in a negative situation such as the benefit gained from the increase in production also return as a gain. By improving the operation of storage solutions with automation solutions, both economic benefits will be provided and it will be possible to obtain uninterrupted energy as a result of its use when the energy supply is low. Since the increase in technologies depends on the increase in R&D studies, it is important to find support in this strategically important area in our country. Considering the huge budgets of the energy sector, the financial reflection of each gain made with the smart grid is also great. For this reason, the increase in research and development budgets will provide commercial and technical gains in the sector, as well as the increase in technology companies that will grow in our country. Every domestic technology company means a new employment door and means gaining in the social field. Considering the renewable energy capacity of our country, the help of these technologies to increase the capacity will create a long-term gain for employment, as a national policy and the creation of an environment for universities and businesses to work together. Students working in these projects will find an easy job to come as a ready employee for the sector, and employers will be freed from the adaptation process.

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