SMART CITY

Terminology.

Due to the breadth of technologies that have been implemented under the smart city label, it is difficult to distill a precise definition of a smart city. Deakin and Al Waer?list four factors that contribute to the definition of a smart city:

1. The application of a wide range of electronic and digital technologies to communities and cities.
2. The use of ICT to transform life and working environments within the region.
3. The embedding of such Information and Communications Technologies in government systems.
4. The territorialisation of practices that brings ICT and people together to enhance the innovation and knowledge that they offer.

Deakin defines the smart city as one that utilizes ICT to meet the demands of the market (the citizens of the city), and states that community involvement in the process is necessary for a smart city.?

A smart city would thus be a city that not only possesses ICT technology in particular areas, but has also implemented this technology in a manner that positively impacts the local community.

Alternative definitions include:

• Business Dictionary, 6 Nov 2011: "A developed urban area that creates sustainable economic development and high quality of life by excelling in multiple key areas; economy, mobility, environment, people, living, and government. Excelling in these key areas can be done so through strong human capital, social capital, and/or ICT infrastructure.
• Caragliu, Del Bo, & Nijkamp, 2011: “A city can be defined as smart when investments in human and social capital and traditional transport and modern ICT infrastructure fuel?sustainable economic growth?and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory governance.”
• Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, UK 2013: "[T]he concept is not static: there is no absolute definition of a smart city, no end point, but rather a process, or series of steps, by which cities become more 'liveable' and resilient and, hence, able to respond quicker to new challenges."
• European Commission: "A smart city is a place where traditional networks and services are made more efficient with the use of digital solutions for the benefit of its inhabitants and business."
• Frost & Sullivan?2014: "We identified eight key aspects that define a smart city: smart governance, smart energy, smart building, smart mobility, smart infrastructure, smart technology, smart healthcare and smart citizen."
• Giffinger et al. 2007: "Regional competitiveness, transport and?Information and Communication Technologies?economics, natural resources, human and social capital, quality of life, and participation of citizens in the governance of cities."
• Indian Government?2015: "Smart city offers sustainability in terms of economic activities and employment opportunities to a wide section of its residents, regardless of their level of education, skills or income levels."
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 23 Apr 2019:?"A smart city brings together technology, government and society to enable the following charatertics.

Characteristics.

It has been suggested that a smart city (also community,?business cluster,?urban agglomeration?or region) uses?information technologies?to:

1. Make more efficient use of physical infrastructure (roads,?built environment?and other physical assets) through?artificial intelligence?and?data analytics?in order to support a strong and healthy economic, social, cultural development.
2. Engage effectively with local governance?by use of?open innovation?processes and?e-participation, improving the collective intelligence of the city's institutions through?e-governance,?with emphasis placed on citizen participation and?co-design.
3. Learn, adapt and innovate and thereby respond more effectively and promptly to changing circumstances by improving the intelligence of the city.

They evolve towards a strong integration of all dimensions of?human intelligence,?collective intelligence, and also?artificial intelligence?within the?city.112–113 ?The intelligence of cities "resides in the increasingly effective combination of digital?telecommunication networks?(the nerves), ubiquitously?embedded intelligence?(the brains), sensors and?tags?(the sensory organs), and?software?(the knowledge and cognitive competence)".

These forms of intelligence in smart cities have been demonstrated in three ways

Bletchley Park often considered to be the first smart community.

1. Orchestration intelligence:?Where cities establish institutions and community-based problem solving and collaborations, such as in?Bletchley Park, where the Nazi Enigma cipher was decoded by a team led by?Alan Turing. This has been referred to as the first example of a smart city or an intelligent community.
2. Empowerment intelligence: Cities provide?open platforms, experimental facilities and smart city infrastructure in order to cluster innovation in certain districts. These are seen in the Kista Science City in Stockholm and the Cyberport Zone in Hong Kong. Similar facilities have also been established in?Melbourne?and?Kyiv.
3. Instrumentation intelligence: Where city infrastructure is made smart through?real-time data?collection, with analysis and?predictive modelling?across city districts. There is much controversy surrounding this, particularly with regards to?surveillance issues in smart cities. Examples of Instrumentation intelligence are those implemented in Amsterdam.?This is realized through:
4. A common?IP?infrastructure that is open to researchers to develop applications.
5. Wireless meters and devices transmit information at the point in time.
6. A number of homes being provided with?smart energy meters?to become aware of energy consumption and reduce energy usage.
7. Solar power?garbage compactors,?car recharging stations?and?energy saving lamps.

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