Selenium Tutorial: All You Need To Know About Selenium WebDriver - NareshIT
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What You Need to Know About Selenium WebDriver.
This blog post goes into further detail on the Selenium WebDriver. The favorite tool for automated testing, as it is a "automated" test framework. It is open source and may be used with any major programming language, including Python, Java, C#, and Perl. Additionally, it automates browser actions. This article explains all you need to know about testing web apps with Selenium WebDriver. We offer comprehensive Selenium training for Selenium certification. Naresh I Technologies is also the leading computer training institute in Hyderabad and one of the top five in India.
In this Selenium Tutorial, we will discuss what Selenium WebDriver is and if it is easy or difficult to learn. We will then go over what it does and its fundamentals. Next, we'll look at the Selenium RC disadvantage and how WebDriver came to be, followed by a discussion of the browser components. We then look at how to find the browser components on the web page. We conclude with a look at the actions we conduct on browser components.
This blog article provides a comprehensive overview of the main topics required for Selenium certification.
What is Selenium WebDriver?
The Selenium web-based automated testing framework tests web pages in various web browsers and operating systems. In fact, you have the ability to develop test scripts in a variety of computer languages, including Java, Perl, Python, JavaScript, PHP, and C#. It's worth noting that the Selenium WebDriver uses Mozilla Firefox as its default browser.
However, newcomers may have doubts, as seen below.
Is "Selenium" simple to learn?
Selenium is actually extremely easy to learn. And to grasp it, you must have a fundamental understanding of any popular programming language, such as Java, C#, Perl, Python, or PHP. If you have "knowledge" of any of the aforementioned programming languages, you may simply create test cases. However, if you don't know any, don't worry since Selenium IDE is a GUI-based application that you may use for "huge effect."
What does the Selenium software do?
The following are some of the interesting applications of the Selenium software.
Automated Testing: This is useful when dealing with "bigger" projects where, if not "Selenium," the tester manually tests each capability. Each manual task is mechanized using Selenium. And this reduces the strain and stress on the testers.
Cross Browser Compatibility: Selenium supports practically all browsers, including Mozilla Firefox, Chrome, Internet Explorer, Opera, and Safari.
Increase Test Coverage: Test automation decreases testing time, allowing the tester to spend more time testing diverse test cases.
It decreases test execution time: Using "Selenium, " you may run numerous tests concurrently. This significantly decreases the test execution time.
Supports "numerous OS": This testing program supports a variety of operating systems, including Windows, UNIX, LINUX, and Mac. The Selenium WebDriver allows you to create test cases on Windows and then execute them on Mac OS.
What are the fundamentals of "Selenium?"
The WebDriver has existed since Selenium version 2.0. In Selenium v1, there were just three options: IDE, Grid, and RC. However, the "major output" of the Selenium project was WebDriver and its use as a replacement for Selenium v2. However, with version 3, RC no longer exists and has been relocated to the legacy package. However, you may still "download" and use the RC. However, you should not anticipate any help with it.
In a nutshell, the WebDriver provides the following advantages over the RC:
It supports the majority of computer languages, web browsers, and operating systems.
You overcome some Selenium 1 disadvantages, including file upload, pop-ups, download, and dialog barrier.
We have easier commands than RC and a "more powerful API."
It enables batch testing, data-driven testing, and cross-browser testing.
However, unlike the RC, you cannot produce test reports. The RC provides you with a "report."
The test script calls the Selenium WebDriver, which automates web browsers; we've previously identified the programming languages and web browsers that are supported. Test scripts can be created in any of the programming languages supported.
However, you may wonder why we need Selenium WebDriver. In the next part, we will analyze the disadvantages of Selenium RC, which are the "reason" for the birth of the WebDriver.
The introduction of Web Driver and the limitations of RC
You might be surprised to learn that Selenium RC was an instant success upon debut. It's because it overcame the same-origin policy issue. It was the biggest issue encountered while testing web apps with Selenium Core. However, do you comprehend the term "same-origin policy?"
It is the rule that implements the web application security model. If the JS and web page are hosted on the same domain, the web browser permits the JS scripts to use the web page components. Selenium core was a JS-based testing tool that was limited by its inability to test all web pages.
However, with the introduction of the Selenium RC, testers were no longer subject to the same-origin policy problem, however the question remained: how did the RC do this? It accomplished this through the use of another component known as the Selenium RC server. As a result, RC is made up of both the Selenium RC server and the Selenium RC client.
The Selenium RC server is an HTTP proxy server that is meant to mislead the browser into believing that Selenium Core and the web application being tested are on the same domain. As a result, the JS code is not interrupted during the website's inspection and testing.
Despite the fact that the Selenium RC was a huge success, there were a few difficulties. The primary one was the time spent on test execution. The Selenium RC server is in the middle of the Selenium command-browser communication cycle. Furthermore, test execution takes a significant amount of time. Aside from the time problem, the RC design is a little tricky.
The architecture includes the injection of the Selenium Core into the web browser. The Selenium core receives instructions from the RC server and translates them to JS commands. The JS code accesses and checks web components.
Selenium WebDriver was created to address the concerns listed above. The WebDriver is faster since it communicates directly with the browser. You will not locate any external proxy servers. You will see simplicity in architecture and browser control at the OS level.
Another advantage of using the WebDriver is that it enables for HTML unit driver testing, which is a headless driver. The headless driver implies that the browser has no GUI. However, the RC does not support it. And that is why WebDriver outperforms RC.
Before we can comprehend Selenium ideas, we need to be familiar with Java or any other object-oriented programming language. Languages supported include C# , Java , PHP, and Python. Currently, the Selenium WebDriver is the most popular among C# and Java developers.
Let's move on to the next section of the course, where we will learn about browser components. We define "elements" and describe how they are tested on the web.
What are Browser Elements?
Elements are one of the several components that may be found on web pages. The browser's most popular "elements" are:
And "testing" each of the aforementioned implies determining if they perform properly and respond as predicted. For example, if we test text boxes, what do you "test."
We may transmit text or numbers using the text fields.
We retrieve the text entered into the text fields, etc.
When we test a picture, we must download or upload it. Alternatively, we might click on the picture link or obtain the image title.
As a result, we may apply a variety of operations to each of the elements listed above. However, we only do "operations" and begin testing once the "elements" have been discovered on the web pages, correct? As a result, in the next part, we will discuss element location approaches.
Locating Browser elements on Web pages
Each element on the webpage contains characteristics or properties. There might be more than one characteristic, and the "majority" is different for each "element." For example, suppose the pages to be made up of two elements: text and photos. And each of these elements has the Name and ID properties. These attribute values require values for each of the "elements." As a result, the two "elements" cannot share an attribute value. However, two components may have the same class name value.?
In our example, the text box and picture cannot have the same ID and Name values. However, you will see several traits shared by a set of components on the page. You will learn about these characteristics later in this article. However, let us list "8 attributes," using which we may locate the pieces. These include the ID names, Class Name, Link Text, Tag Name, CSS, XPath, and Partial Link Text.
Since these elements have these qualities, we refer to them as locators. And they are:
By.id
Syntax: driver.findElement(By.id("zzz"));
Similarly, we have syntax for the locators listed above.
And the syntax above will explain why the locators are known as inner methods. So, before we go any farther, we need to master the "methods," functions, and browser instructions. It is used for executing operations on components.
Operations on Browser Elements
Keep your Eclipse IDE open, with the Selenium package installed.
To begin web page testing, we require the "opening of the browser" and then navigate to the web page via the URL. Use the code below to reproduce this. The Firefox browser is initially launched, and then we travel to the NareshIT homepage.
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver; This is a library package that starts the loading of a certain driver.
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver; This is the library package containing the FirefoxDriver class, which is necessary for the FirefoxDriver to start when the browser is initiated by the WebDriver.
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System.setProperty("webdriver.gecko.driver", "files/geckodriver.exe");- This statement informs the run-time engine that the Gecko driver is located in the supplied directory. Since Firefox 35, we have downloaded the Gecko driver to function with the WebDriver. If you need to test Chrome, you may download the ChromeDriver, which is an exe file, and provide the location in the code lines. We must repeat this process for each browser.
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(); – This command initiates the Firefox driver object.
driver.get- This method opens the specified URL.
driver.getTitle(); - This command returns the title of the current tab.
Driver.quit(); - This closes the browser driver.
However, suppose you need to travel to another URL and then conduct the testing. In this scenario, we utilize the navigate.io () function, as indicated in the excerpt below. And if you need to return to the previous page. And you may return to this using the navigate.back() function. Similarly, we may reload the current page with the navigate.refresh() command.
If you need to maximize the browser size, you can do that through the code snippet mentioned below:
If you need to set the custom size for the browser window, you can set a customized dimension as shown below:
As with most of the basics, let us move on to the next topic. We need to discover an element on the web page, and then you must work as efficiently as feasible.
Open a WordPress.com account. We'll show you how to get into WordPress without using any of the code's credentials.
The WordPress.com login page has two text fields: one for the email address and one for the password. We must first identify these two items, then enter our credentials, and then discover the third element, the Login button, which we must click.
On closer inspection, you'll notice that (Ctrl + Shift + i) opens the identical window in the browser. All of the "elements" on the page are now shown beneath the elements. Additionally, their characteristics are displayed. However, three areas are highlighted. The first highlighted element is the email text box, then the password text field, and finally the Login button.
If you recall, we explained before that these elements are located using the element finder. Let us now make use of these components to offer field values. Here's the syntax for locating the element: driver.findElement(By.id("zzz"));
To provide the values, we need to utilize the sendKeys("credentials").
To tap the button, we need to utilize the click() function.
Let's start by locating the elements, and then we'll run the operations through them. The code is as follows.
In line 1, we identify the email using its name attribute and send it the EmainID.
In line 2, we locate the password element using the "Name" property and feed it the password.
In line 3, we find the login button element using its unique ID and then tap on it using the click () function.
However, simply writing these lines is insufficient. Because of the "page dynamics," it does not reply immediately, and by the time the page loads, the WebDriver has ended and sent a timeout exception problem. This issue may not occur on the WordPress.com website since it is so quick, but it may occur on other E-commerce sites and other dynamic web sites.
To overcome this problem, we must employ sophisticated techniques. We instruct the WebDriver to wait after we visit the page, and once it has fully loaded, we identify the element. And then we carry out the acts.
If the WebDriver has to wait until the element loaded on the web page before closing the browser, we use the driver.wait() or Threads.sleep() methods. However, if you create more complicated code, we may utilize both implicit and explicit waits. However, in this situation, we use the following command:
However, while we work on the wait conditions, you need to import the below library:
We perform this as the class for the wait, and such methods are in this.
The whole code is as below:
When you input the credentials in the original and execute this code, the WordPress.com page opens in a new window, and it signs you in to your accounts.
Congratulations, we have successfully logged in, and our entire code runs perfectly.
We used the ID and Name properties to specify the placement of components. You may also utilize alternative locators, such as XPath. You can use any element location as a prerequisite.
Thus, we learned about the limitations of Selenium RC and why we chose Selenium WebDriver instead. We discussed in detail the benefits of the WebDriver over the RC. Then, we showed how we replaced the RC with the WebDriver to automate testing. Then we demonstrated how to get in to the WordPress site using the Eclipse IDE's "selenium" command. And that concludes our tutorial.
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FAQ'S
1. What is Selenium WebDriver and how does it work?
Selenium WebDriver is an open-source tool that automates web browsers. It interacts with web elements in a similar way to how a real user would, allowing you to perform actions like clicking buttons, filling out forms, and navigating between pages.
2. What are the key advantages of using Selenium WebDriver for web testing?
3. What are some common challenges or limitations when using Selenium WebDriver?
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