Security anxiety, navigation hegemony, extended deterrence, and opening the auspicious red door

Terms to note from today’s PRC Ministry of Foreign Affairs press conference:

• 安全焦虑 / security anxiety?

- 这种把自身安全凌驾于他国安全之上，给别国制造“安全焦虑”的做法极其不负责任，也十分危险。?

Such practice of seeking one’s own security at the expense of other countries’ security and plunging other countries into “security anxiety” is extremely irresponsible and dangerous.?

• AR-15步枪 / AR-15 rifle?

- 美国共和党总统候选人拉马斯瓦米不久前建议，每个台湾家庭都应该持有并接受训练使用AR-15步枪，以抵御大陆可能的对台动武。?

US Republican Party presidential candidate Vivek Ramaswamy has suggested recently that every family in Taiwan should own and be trained to use AR-15 rifles to protect against what he sees as a potential invasion by Beijing.?

• 东南亚无核武器区 / Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon Free Zone?

Today’s quote:

- 作为东盟的全面战略伙伴和山水相连的友好近邻，中国始终坚定支持东盟国家建立东南亚无核武器区的努力，是第一个公开支持《东南亚无核武器区条约》并表示愿签署条约议定书的核武器国家。?

As ASEAN’s comprehensive strategic partner and friendly neighbor, China firmly supports ASEAN nations’ efforts to establish the Southeast Asia nuclear weapon-free zone. China is the first nuclear-weapon state to openly support the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone and have expressed readiness to sign the Protocol to the Treaty. ?

Previous PRC history of the term:

- 三国合作以服务美国地缘政治目标为中心，以军事威慑为手段，同以相互尊重、开放包容、协商一致、照顾各方舒适度等为重要原则的东盟方式背道而驰，破坏东盟国家构建东南亚无核武器区的努力，严重损害以东盟为中心的东亚区域合作架构。?

The AUKUS cooperation is designed to serve the US’s geopolitical agenda with the means of military deterrence. It runs counter to the ASEAN way of mutual respect, openness and inclusiveness, consensus through consultation, and accommodating the comfort levels of all sides, undercuts ASEAN countries’ effort to establish a Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon Free Zone and seriously undermines the ASEAN-centered regional cooperation architecture in East Asia.?

- 三国上述合作也必然损害东南亚无核武器区建设，尊重东盟中心地位从何谈起？?The trilateral cooperation is also bound to undermine efforts to build a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone (NWFZ) in Southeast Asia. Where is their respect for ASEAN centrality?

- 中方已多次强调，美英澳核潜艇合作造成严重核扩散风险，明显违反《不扩散核武器条约》精神，不仅将对国际核不扩散体系产生深远影响，也将给地区和平稳定带来五重现实威胁：一是制造核扩散风险，冲击国际核不扩散体系；二是诱发新一轮军备竞赛，不排除导致其它国家效仿行事，甚至跨越核门槛；三是损害地区繁荣稳定，制造地区紧张局势；四是破坏东南亚无核武器区建设，与东盟国家努力背道而驰；五是引致冷战思维回潮，挑动地区阵营对立，进行地缘零和博弈。?

As we have pointed out on many occasions, the AUKUS nuclear submarine cooperation creates serious nuclear proliferation risks, and clearly violates the spirit of the Treaty on Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). It will not only have a far-reaching impact on the international non-proliferation system, but also bring real threats to regional peace and stability. First, it could create nuclear proliferation risks and impact the international non-proliferation system. Second, it could trigger a new round of arms race, as other countries could follow suit and even cross the nuclear threshold. Third, it could undermine regional prosperity and stability and create regional tensions. Fourth, it could undercut ASEAN countries' efforts to build a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone (NWFZ) in Southeast Asia. Fifth, it could lead to the resurgence of the Cold War mentality, provoke bloc confrontation and zero-sum geopolitical games in the region.?

- 中国认为,建立东南亚无核武器区对促进本地区及世界的和平与安全具有重要意义，始终坚定支持东盟国家建立东南亚无核武器区的努力，支持《东南亚无核武器区条约》议定书早日签署并生效。?

China holds that establishing a Southeast Asia Nuclear-Weapons-Free Zone is of great significance for promoting regional and global peace and stability. China supports the efforts of ASEAN countries to establish a Southeast Asia Nuclear-Weapons-Free Zone, and stands for the early signing and going into effect of the protocol to the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear-Weapons-Free Zone.

• 国际核不扩散体系 / international nuclear non-proliferation system?

Today’s quote:

- 美英澳三边安全伙伴关系及其核潜艇合作制造核扩散风险，冲击国际核不扩散体系，损害《南太无核区条约》，破坏东盟国家建立东南亚无核武器区的努力。?

The AUKUS security partnership and related nuclear submarine cooperation creates nuclear proliferation risks, threatens the international nuclear non-proliferation system, undermines the South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty, and undercuts ASEAN countries’ efforts to establish a Southeast Asia nuclear weapon-free zone.?

Previous PRC history of the term:

- 三国核潜艇合作系历史上首次核武器国家向无核武器国家转让核潜艇动力堆及大量武器级高浓铀，国际原子能机构现行保障监督体系无法实施有效保障监督，不能确保澳不将相关核材料转用于制造核武器。因此，三国核潜艇合作构成严重核扩散风险，违反《不扩散核武器条约》的目的和宗旨，冲击国际核不扩散体系。?

The AUKUS nuclear submarine cooperation marks the first time in history for nuclear weapon states to transfer naval nuclear propulsion reactors and large amounts of weapons-grade highly enriched uranium to a non-nuclear weapon state. There is nothing in the current IAEA safeguards system that can ensure effective safeguards, and there is no guarantee that these nuclear materials will not be diverted by Australia to build nuclear weapons. Therefore, such cooperation poses serious nuclear proliferation risks, and is in contravention of the object and purpose of the NPT and deals a blow to the international non-proliferation regime.?

- 同时，中方呼吁机构所有成员国积极推进政府间进程，就美英澳核潜艇合作涉及的保障监督问题寻求解决办法，捍卫以《不扩散核武器条约》为基石的国际核不扩散体系，维护国际和平与安全。?

In the meantime, China calls on all IAEA member states to actively promote the intergovernmental process, find a solution to the safeguards issues in relation to the AUKUS nuclear submarine cooperation, safeguard the international nuclear non-proliferation regime with the NPT as the cornerstone, and maintain international peace and security.?

- 关于澳大利亚核潜艇编队，中方反对破坏国际核不扩散体系的行为，各方应切实避免核扩散风险，避免加剧亚太军备竞赛。?

With regard to Australia’s development of nuclear submarines, we oppose anything that undermines the international nuclear non-proliferation regime. We think it’s important to guard against the risk of nuclear proliferation and avoid stoking arms race in the Asia-Pacific.?

- 在伊朗核问题上，中国从维护国际核不扩散体系和中东和平稳定的大局出发，一直积极劝和促谈，为推动伊朗核问题的全面、长期和妥善解决发挥着建设性作用。?

On the Iranian nuclear issue, China has been working to promote a peaceful settlement through dialogue. It has played a constructive role in seeking a comprehensive, lasting and appropriate solution to the Iranian nuclear issue so as to uphold the international non-proliferation regime and peace and stability in the Middle East.?

• 航行霸权 / navigation hegemony?

- 借此机会，我愿再强调一点，那就是，是美国的军用舰机不远万里跑到中国的家门口挑衅，执意到中国领海领空附近搞什么抵近侦察、耀武扬威。这不是维护“航行自由”，而是在推行“航行霸权”，是赤裸裸的军事挑衅行为。这种霸权行径才是造成海空安全风险的根源。?

Let me make clear again that the truth is, the US has been sending warships and military aircraft halfway around the world to China’s doorsteps in a provocative way and engaging in close-in reconnaissance and showoff of military muscle near China’s territorial sea and airspace. This is not about “freedom of navigation”, but hegemony of navigation and distinct military provocation. And such hegemonic practice is the root cause of security risks on the sea and in the air.

• 华盛顿宣言 / Washington Declaration (statement often issued after meetings of heads of state and the President of the United States, e.g., on the relations between United States and the Republic of Korea issued on April 26, 2023; on the United States and Germany issued on July 15, 2021, etc.)?

Today’s quote:

- 关于《华盛顿宣言》和“延伸威慑”，中方已经多次表明立场。我们一向反对有关各方在半岛周边举行刺激性军演、搞施压对抗的“小圈子”，这些做法充斥冷战思维、激化各方矛盾、加剧地区紧张，无助于化解冲突、增进互信。?

Regarding the Washington Declaration and “extended deterrence”, we’ve stated our position more than once. China opposes relevant parties’ military exercises that could be perceived as provocative and creation of blocs to exert pressure and engage in confrontation around the Korean Peninsula. These practices are the result of a Cold War mentality. They will only exacerbate tensions and fuel escalations in the region without contributing to diffusing conflict or enhancing mutual trust.?

Previous PRC history of the term:

- 据报道，当地时间26日，美韩发表《华盛顿宣言》，作为韩国总统尹锡悦访美成果文件之一。宣言称，美将通过扩大美韩核危机磋商、新增美韩军事训练和模拟演习、成立“美韩核磋商小组”机制、扩大半岛周边美战略资产出动等，升级对韩提供“延伸威慑”。消息人士称，美拟向半岛附近海域机动部署战略核潜艇。?

The US and the ROK issued the Washington Declaration on April 26 [2023] local time as one of the outcomes of President Yoon Suk Yeol’s visit to the US. The Declaration says that the US will upgrade the extended deterrence it provides to the ROK, including through enhanced consultation over a nuclear crisis, increased military exercises and training activities and table-top simulation, the establishment of a new Nuclear Consultative Group (NCG) and further expansion of the US regular visibility of strategic assets to the Korean Peninsula. Sources said the US is planning to deploy a strategic nuclear submarine in waters off the Korean Peninsula.?

• 揭牌 / unveil?

Today’s quote:

- 当地时间6月5日，中国驻洪都拉斯使馆举行开馆仪式，中国驻洪使馆临时代办和洪外长共同为使馆揭牌。?

CGTN: On June 5 [2023] local time, the Chinese Embassy in Honduras held an inauguration ceremony. The Chargé d’Affaires of the Chinese Embassy in Honduras and the Honduran Foreign Minister jointly unveiled the plaque for the embassy.?

Previous PRC history of the term:

- 今天上午，中国—加勒比发展中心举行揭牌仪式，山东省委书记李干杰、外交部副部长谢锋、加勒比国家驻华使节等通过线上线下方式出席。?

The inauguration ceremony of the China-Caribbean Development Center was held this morning July 6, 2022]. Secretary of the Shandong Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China Li Ganjie, Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs Xie Feng and diplomatic envoys of Caribbean countries posted in China attended the ceremony in an online-plus-offline format.?

• 开门红 / auspicious start; good start?

Today’s quote:

- 中洪建交两个多月来，双方坚定履行建交承诺，共同推动中洪关系在相互尊重、平等互利、共同发展的基础上强劲起步，取得一系列早期收获，实现“开门红”，充分表明坚持一个中国原则是国际大义、人心所向、大势所趋，中洪建交完全符合两国人民根本和长远利益。?

Since the establishment of diplomatic relations over two months ago, China and Honduras have been delivering on their commitments and working together to get bilateral relations off to a strong start on the basis of mutual respect, equality, mutual benefit and common development. The two sides have already achieved some early harvests. It fully shows that to stand for the one-China principle is the right thing to do, which has the overwhelming support of the international community and represents the prevailing trend of the world. The establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Honduras serves the fundamental and long-term interests of the two peoples.?

Previous PRC history of the term:

- 今年1月，中国吸收外资迎来“开门红”，实际使用外资金额达到1276.9亿元，同比增长14.5%。包括美国企业在内的外资企业持续看好中国市场，计划扩大在华业务。美国商务部数据显示，2022年美中货物贸易总额达到6906亿美元，创历史新高。这些都说明中美贸易投资合作是互利共赢的，脱钩断链损人害己，不得人心，也不可行。?

Last month {February 2023] saw an influx of foreign investment into China. The paid-in foreign investment reached 127.69 billion yuan, up 14.5% year on year. Foreign companies including US investors have been upbeat about the China market and plan to expand in China. According to statistics from the US Department of Commerce, total trade in goods between the US and China hit a record $690.6 billion in 2022. All this speaks to the fact that trade and investment cooperation between China and the US are mutually beneficial and win-win. Decoupling and cutting off industrial and supply chains benefits no one. It has no support and will not lead anywhere.?

- 中国吸收外资数据迎来“开门红”，充分表明中国依然是外商投资兴业的热土、全球瞩目的经济标杆。?

These numbers signal a good start for foreign investment in China this year. The figures show that China remains a promising market for foreign companies and an economic benchmark for the world.

- 可以说，马科斯总统此访是今年中菲关系的“开门红”，将为新时期中菲关系发展带来重大利好。中方愿同菲方一道，以两国元首共识为遵循，续写千年友好，扩大互利共赢，深化战略互信，推动中菲关系不断走深走实、行稳致远，为两国发展提供支撑，为地区和平稳定贡献正能量。?

President Marcos’s visit marks a good start in China-Philippines relations in 2023. It will give a strong boost to the growth of bilateral ties in the new era. China stands ready to work together with the Philippines to deliver on the common understandings between our Presidents, carry forward our two countries’ millennium-old friendship, expand mutually-beneficial cooperation, deepen strategic mutual trust and work for solid and sustained progress in bilateral relations to underpin our respective national development and contribute to regional peace and stability.?

- 2021年12月10日，中国和尼加拉瓜在一个中国原则基础上正式恢复了外交关系，开启两国关系新的历史篇章。两国复交虽然只有不到一个月的时间，但是双方快速行动、只争朝夕，取得沉甸甸的早期收获，实现了中尼关系的“开门红”。?

On December 10, 2021, China and Nicaragua officially resumed their diplomatic relations on the basis of the one-China principle, which opened a new chapter in the bilateral relations. In just less than one month after that, both sides have secured fruitful early harvests with speedy actions and the China-Nicaragua relations have got off to a good start.?

• 南太无核区条约 / South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty?

Today’s quote:

- 美英澳三边安全伙伴关系及其核潜艇合作制造核扩散风险，冲击国际核不扩散体系，损害《南太无核区条约》，破坏东盟国家建立东南亚无核武器区的努力。?

The AUKUS security partnership and related nuclear submarine cooperation creates nuclear proliferation risks, threatens the international nuclear non-proliferation system, undermines the South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty, and undercuts ASEAN countries’ efforts to establish a Southeast Asia nuclear weapon-free zone.?

Previous PRC history of the term:

- 美英澳三边安全伙伴关系及其核潜艇合作制造核扩散风险，冲击国际核不扩散体系，损害《南太无核区条约》，破坏东盟国家建立东南亚无核区的努力。如果强行推进，就犹如打开潘多拉魔盒，不仅会带来巨大的安全隐患，更意味着历史的倒退。?

The AUKUS trilateral security partnership and the nuclear submarine cooperation create nuclear proliferation risks, undermine the international non-proliferation system and undercut the South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty and ASEAN countries' efforts to build a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone (NWFZ) in Southeast Asia. If forced through, they will create huge security risks like opening the Pandora's Box, which also means a regression in history.?

• 炮灰 / cannon fodder?

Today’s quote:

- 我们敦促美方相关人士恪守一个中国原则和中美三个联合公报规定，不要拿台湾民众当炮灰。?

We urge relevant US politicians to abide by the one-China principle and the three China-US joint communiqués. Taiwan people should not be treated as cannon fodder.?

Previous PRC history of the term:

- 美国为实现自身政治目的，不惜威逼利诱他国充当炮灰。?

The US went so far as to coerce or cajole other countries into serving as fodder for its political agenda. No responsible country would ever act in this way.?

• 武器级核材料 / weapons-grade nuclear material?

Today’s quote:

- 根据国际军控专家的估计，美英拟向澳大利亚转让的武器级核材料，可以用来制造多达64至80枚核武器。?

According to estimates by international arms control experts, the weapons-grade nuclear materials the US and the UK plan to transfer to Australia would be sufficient to build as many as 64 to 80 nuclear weapons.?

Previous PRC history of the term:

- 该项目涉及核武器国家向无核武器国家转让大量武器级核材料，违反《不扩散核武器条约》和《南太平洋无核武器区条约》相关规定，具有严重的核扩散风险，将加剧地区军备竞赛，对于解决其他地区核热点问题也会带来深远影响。?

Featuring the transfer of a large amount of weapon-grade nuclear materials from nuclear-weapon states to a non-nuclear-weapon state, the clique also violates the provisions set in the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and the South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone (SPNFZ) Treaty. As such, it will pose a grave risk of nuclear proliferation, exacerbate regional arms race and have negative implications on resolving other nuclear hotspots in the region.?

- 根据现行的保障监督体系，国际原子能机构无法对美、英拟向澳大利亚提供的核动力反应堆及其所需武器级核材料实施有效监管，无法保证相关核材料及核技术不被转用于发展核武器。?

Under the current safeguards mechanism, the IAEA is unable to effectively monitor the nuclear power reactors and weapons-grade nuclear materials that the US and the UK are planning to provide to Australia, so as to ensure that relevant nuclear materials and technologies will not be used to develop nuclear weapons.?

• 相互尊重、平等互利、共同发展 / mutual respect, equality, mutual benefit and common development?

Today’s quote:

- 中洪建交两个多月来，双方坚定履行建交承诺，共同推动中洪关系在相互尊重、平等互利、共同发展的基础上强劲起步，取得一系列早期收获，实现“开门红”，充分表明坚持一个中国原则是国际大义、人心所向、大势所趋，中洪建交完全符合两国人民根本和长远利益。?

Since the establishment of diplomatic relations over two months ago, China and Honduras have been delivering on their commitments and working together to get bilateral relations off to a strong start on the basis of mutual respect, equality, mutual benefit and common development. The two sides have already achieved some early harvests. It fully shows that to stand for the one-China principle is the right thing to do, which has the overwhelming support of the international community and represents the prevailing trend of the world. The establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Honduras serves the fundamental and long-term interests of the two peoples.?

Previous PRC history of the term:

- 中方愿同萨方共同努力，本着相互尊重、平等互利、共同发展和互不干涉内政的原则，加强各领域交流合作，推动中萨关系平稳健康持续发展。?

China stands ready to work with El Salvador to, following the principle of mutual respect, equality, mutual benefit, common development and non-interference in each other’s internal affairs, enhance exchange and cooperation in various areas and promote the steady, sound and sustained development of bilateral relations.?

• 亚太版北约 / Asian NATO; NATO in Asia?

Today’s quote:

- 北约多次公开表示，北约作为区域性联盟的定位没有变化，不寻求地理突破。亚洲不是北大西洋地理范畴，也不需要建立所谓“亚太版北约”，但是北约却执着东进亚太、干预地区事务、挑动阵营对抗，这到底意欲何为？北约相关动向已经引起国际社会特别是亚洲国家的高度警惕。昨天，我已经向大家介绍过，大部分地区国家在有关问题上的态度十分明确：反对在地区拼凑各种军事集团，不欢迎北约把触角伸向亚洲，不接受把阵营对抗复制到亚洲，不允许任何冷战、热战在亚洲重演。?

NATO has publicly stated on many occasions that it remains a regional alliance and does not seek a geopolitical breakthrough. Asia lies beyond the geographical scope of the North Atlantic and has no need for a replica of NATO. However, we have seen NATO bent on going east into this region, interfering in regional affairs and inciting bloc confrontation. What is NATO really up to? This calls for high vigilance among countries in the world, particularly in Asia. As I said yesterday, the attitude of the majority of countries in the region is very clear. They oppose the emergence of military blocs in the region. They don’t welcome NATO’s outreach in Asia. They don’t want a replica of bloc confrontation in Asia. And they certainly will not allow any Cold War or hot war to happen again in Asia.?

Previous PRC history of the term:

- 此类合作是个别国家核威慑政策的延伸，是其构建“亚太版北约”、维系自身霸权的博弈工具，严重冲击亚太地区和平稳定，不少地区国家对此深感忧虑。?

Such cooperation [AUKUS Trilateral Security Partnership 三方安全伙伴关系 sān fāng ān quán huǒ bàn guān xì] is an extension of individual countries' nuclear deterrence policies, and a game tool for it to build an "Asia-Pacific version of NATO" and maintain its own hegemony, which seriously affects the peace and stability in the Asia-Pacific region. Many countries in the region are deeply worried about this.?

- 努力搭建地区安全新架构，共同维护亚洲和平稳定，坚决反对借“印太”战略分裂地区，反对借军事同盟拼凑“亚太版北约”。?

We should strive to build a new regional security architecture, and jointly safeguard peace and stability in Asia. We firmly oppose dividing the region with the so-called Indo-Pacific Strategy and patching up a NATO-replica in the Asia-Pacific in the name of military alliance.?

• 延伸威慑 / extended deterrence?

Today’s quote:

- 关于《华盛顿宣言》和“延伸威慑”，中方已经多次表明立场。我们一向反对有关各方在半岛周边举行刺激性军演、搞施压对抗的“小圈子”，这些做法充斥冷战思维、激化各方矛盾、加剧地区紧张，无助于化解冲突、增进互信。?

Regarding the Washington Declaration and “extended deterrence”, we’ve stated our position more than once. China opposes relevant parties’ military exercises that could be perceived as provocative and creation of blocs to exert pressure and engage in confrontation around the Korean Peninsula. These practices are the result of a Cold War mentality. They will only exacerbate tensions and fuel escalations in the region without contributing to diffusing conflict or enhancing mutual trust.?

Previous PRC history of the term:

- 中方关注近期朝鲜半岛形势发展，对有关方拼凑军事“小圈子”、举行各类刺激性军演、加强“延伸威慑”和情报共享合作等行为感到担忧。上述举动对缓和半岛形势没有任何助益，只会加剧军备竞赛、破坏核不扩散体系、破坏地区和平稳定。?

China is following the recent developments on the Korean Peninsula. We are concerned over relevant parties putting together exclusive military blocs, carrying out various kinds of provocative military drills and stepping up “extended deterrence” and intelligence sharing. These moves do no help alleviate the situation on the Peninsula. They will only ratchet up an arms race, disrupt the nuclear non-proliferation regime and undermine peace and stability in the region.?

- 据报道，朝鲜外相17日发表谈话称，美国越是执意向盟国加强提供延伸威慑，朝鲜的军队应对就会越猛烈。之后朝方向东部海域发射了一枚弹道导弹 ...?

According to reports, on November 17 [2022], the DPRK’s Foreign Minister in a statement warned the US of fiercer military counteraction in response to the US’ strengthening of extended deterrence to allies in the region. This was followed by the DPRK’s firing of a ballistic missile toward its eastern waters.

- 我们注意到朝方对美日韩联合声明有关加强延伸威慑的表态。希望各方正视半岛症结，均衡解决彼此关切特别是朝方的合理关切。?

We noted the DPRK’s response to “reinforcing extended deterrence” in the joint statement of the US, Japan and the ROK. We hope all parties will face up to the crux of the issues of the Korean Peninsula and address each others’ concerns in a balanced way, especially the DPRK’s legitimate concerns.?

- 美方渲染特定国家的核威胁，为其量身定制核威慑战略，鼓吹违反《不扩散核武器条约》的“核共享”安排，声称要加强与亚太地区盟友的延伸威慑。?The

US has been hyping up so-called nuclear threat from certain countries, “tailoring” nuclear deterrence strategies targeting these countries and calling for “nuclear sharing” that violates the NPT. It has also tried to reinforce its extended deterrence commitments to its allies in the Asia Pacific.?

Read in parallel: https://tinyurl.com/m46ew89a

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