Roadmap to Learn Cyber Security: A Comprehensive Guide

Cybersecurity is an ever-evolving field that requires a solid foundation and continuous learning to keep up with emerging threats and technologies. Here's a comprehensive roadmap to guide you through the journey of becoming proficient in cybersecurity.

1. Fundamental IT Skills

Understanding the basics is crucial before diving into more complex cybersecurity concepts. This stage focuses on building a strong foundation in general IT knowledge.

Basic Computer Skills

• Proficiency in operating systems (Windows, Linux, macOS)
• Familiarity with command-line interfaces (CLI)
• Basic understanding of software and hardware components

Basics of Computer Networking

• Understanding how networks operate, including the roles of routers, switches, and firewalls
• Comprehending data transmission and protocols

Computer Hardware Components

• Knowledge of CPU, RAM, storage devices, and other essential hardware parts
• Understanding the function and interaction of hardware components in a computer system

2. Computer Networking

Networking is a vital aspect of cybersecurity, as many security issues are network related. This section covers the core networking concepts necessary for any cybersecurity professional.

OSI Models

• Deep understanding of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model
• Knowing each layer's functions, from the physical layer to the application layer

Network Topologies

• Familiarity with different network layouts like star, mesh, and hybrid topologies
• Understanding the advantages and disadvantages of each topology

Common Protocols and Their Uses

• Understanding protocols like TCP/IP, HTTP/HTTPS, FTP, and DNS
• Knowing how these protocols function and their role in network communication

Common Ports and Their Uses

• Familiarity with port numbers and their associated services (e.g., HTTP on port 80, HTTPS on port 443)
• Knowledge of how to use this information for network security purposes

IPv4 and IPv6

• Understanding the differences between IPv4 and IPv6
• Knowledge of IP addressing, subnetting, and how to design IP schemes

Basics of Subnetting

• Ability to create and understand subnet masks and CIDR notation
• Knowledge of dividing networks into subnets for better management and security

3. Security Skills and Knowledge

This stage delves into the core concepts of cybersecurity, providing the knowledge needed to protect systems and data.

CIA Triad

• Understanding the principles of Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability
• Knowing how these principles guide security policies and practices

Cyberattacks and Cybercrimes

• Familiarity with different types of cyberattacks, such as phishing, DDoS, ransomware, and malware
• Understanding the legal implications and the role of law enforcement in cybercrime

Cryptography

• Knowledge of encryption methods, hashing algorithms, and digital signatures
• Understanding how cryptography protects data confidentiality and integrity

Understand Common Standards

• Familiarity with cybersecurity frameworks and standards like ISO 27001, NIST, and GDPR
• Knowing how these standards apply to different industries and regions

Kali Linux, ParrotOS

• Proficiency in using security-focused operating systems for penetration testing and vulnerability assessment
• Familiarity with the tools and utilities provided by these platforms

4. Cloud Skills

With the growing adoption of cloud services, understanding cloud security is crucial for any cybersecurity professional.

Understanding Cloud Services (SaaS, PaaS, IaaS)

• Knowledge of different cloud service models and their implications for security
• Understanding how to secure data and applications in cloud environments

Cloud Environments (AWS, Azure)

• Familiarity with major cloud providers and their services
• Knowledge of best practices for securing cloud infrastructure

Cloud Models (Private, Public, Hybrid)

• Understanding the differences between private, public, and hybrid clouds
• Knowing the security challenges and solutions for each model

Common Cloud Storage

• Knowledge of cloud storage solutions like Amazon S3, Google Cloud Storage, and Azure Blob Storage
• Understanding the security concerns and best practices for storing data in the cloud

5. Programming Skills

Having a strong foundation in programming can greatly enhance your cybersecurity skills, allowing you to automate tasks, analyze code, and develop security tools.

Python

• Proficiency in Python for scripting, automation, and developing security tools
• Knowledge of popular libraries and frameworks for cybersecurity applications

JavaScript

• Understanding of JavaScript for web security and analysis of web applications
• Familiarity with vulnerabilities like XSS (Cross-Site Scripting)

PowerShell

• Knowledge of PowerShell for Windows automation and security tasks
• Familiarity with PowerShell scripting for managing systems and analyzing logs

C++

• Understanding of C++ for developing high-performance security tools and applications
• Knowledge of memory management and security vulnerabilities in C++ applications

Go

• Proficiency in Go for building efficient and secure software
• Understanding of Go's concurrency model and its benefits for security applications

6. Hands-On Skills

Practical experience is essential in cybersecurity. This section focuses on developing hands-on skills through labs, simulations, and real-world practice.

Knowledge on Common Virtualization (VMware, Virtual Box)

• Familiarity with virtualization technologies for creating isolated environments
• Understanding how to use virtual machines for testing and learning

CTFs (Capture the Flag)

• Participation in CTF competitions to practice and demonstrate hacking and defensive skills
• Familiarity with platforms like HacktheBox, TryHackMe, picoCTF, and VulnHub

Tools to Master (Nmap, BurpSuite, Wireshark, Metasploit, WHOIS, urlscan...)

• Proficiency in using essential security tools for vulnerability scanning, penetration testing, and network analysis
• Understanding the specific use cases and best practices for each tool

7. Certifications

Certifications validate your knowledge and skills, making you more attractive to employers and enhancing your career prospects.

Beginner Certifications:

• CompTIA A+: Foundation in IT operational roles and technical support
• CompTIA Network+: Understanding of networking concepts and skills
• CompTIA Security+: Foundation in IT security practices
• eJPT: Junior penetration tester certification covering basic penetration testing skills

Advanced Certifications:

• CISSP: Certified Information Systems Security Professional, a comprehensive and advanced certification for cybersecurity professionals
• CISA: Certified Information Systems Auditor, focusing on auditing, control, and assurance
• GPEN: GIAC Penetration Tester, focusing on penetration testing and vulnerability assessment
• CEH: Certified Ethical Hacker, focusing on ethical hacking techniques and methodologies
• CISM: Certified Information Security Manager, focusing on information security management and governance
• GIAC: Global Information Assurance Certification, offering various certifications in cybersecurity specializations

Conclusion

The journey to becoming proficient in cybersecurity involves a blend of theoretical knowledge and practical skills. This roadmap provides a structured approach, helping you build a solid foundation and advance to more specialized areas. Stay curious, keep learning, and continuously challenge yourself to stay ahead in this dynamic field.