Rising AQI Levels in Delhi: Government Actions, GARP Measures, and How You Can Help

Delhi, India’s capital, has long struggled with poor air quality, especially during the winter months. The air quality index (AQI) has reached alarming levels, with particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) becoming a major contributor to health risks. This constant deterioration in air quality has prompted significant concern, not only among residents but also from the government, healthcare professionals, and environmentalists.

Understanding the importance of curbing this issue, the government has launched various measures under the Graded Response Action Plan (GARP), especially during the most critical stages—Stage 3 and Stage 4. But how bad is the situation, and what steps are being taken to manage it? Let’s dive in.

What is AQI (Air Quality Index)?

The AQI is a numerical scale used to communicate the quality of air and how it can impact human health. It measures the concentration of pollutants such as PM2.5, PM10, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and ozone. The higher the AQI value, the worse the air quality.

AQI levels are divided into categories:

• 0-50: Good
• 51-100: Moderate
• 101-200: Unhealthy for sensitive groups
• 201-300: Very unhealthy
• 301-500: Hazardous

In Delhi, AQI levels regularly breach the “Very Unhealthy” category, and currently it has crossed the "hazardous" category making the situation critical.

Reasons Behind the Rising AQI Levels in Delhi

Several factors contribute to Delhi’s rising AQI levels:

1. Vehicular Emissions: A significant number of vehicles, coupled with inefficient fuel, contributes to high levels of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter.
2. Industrial Pollution: Factories and industries, especially near Delhi’s borders, emit large quantities of pollutants.
3. Crop Residue Burning: Farmers in neighboring states like Punjab and Haryana burn crop stubble, sending a thick haze to Delhi every year during the harvest season.
4. Construction Dust: Uncontrolled dust from construction sites adds to the particulate pollution.
5. Meteorological Conditions: During winter, stagnant air and low wind speeds trap pollutants, exacerbating pollution levels.

Consequences of High AQI Levels

The impact of Delhi’s rising AQI levels is not limited to just environmental concerns; it extends to public health, social well-being, and the economy.

Health Risks

• Respiratory issues: Increased risk of asthma, bronchitis, and other lung diseases.
• Cardiovascular problems: Long-term exposure to polluted air can lead to heart attacks, strokes, and other circulatory issues.
• Increased mortality rates: Studies have shown a significant rise in mortality due to air pollution-related health problems.

Environmental Effects

High pollution levels deteriorate ecosystems, damage vegetation, and contribute to global warming. Furthermore, Delhi's iconic landmarks like the Red Fort and Qutub Minar are being eroded due to high pollution levels.

Social and Economic Effects

• Productivity loss: People call in sick due to pollution-induced illnesses, leading to loss in work productivity.
• Strain on healthcare: Hospitals become overcrowded, increasing healthcare costs and affecting medical services for the general population.

Government Measures to Combat Rising AQI

The Delhi government, along with various agencies, has implemented a comprehensive action plan, the Graded Response Action Plan (GARP), to address the worsening air quality.

GARP Stage 1: Measures to Reduce Air Pollution

At Stage 1, the government has implemented basic yet essential measures:

• Ban on Garbage Burning: Local authorities strictly enforce the ban on burning garbage, which releases harmful gases and particulate matter.
• Promotion of Public Transport: The government encourages the use of public transportation, carpooling, and cycling.

GARP Stage 2: Stricter Control Measures

When AQI crosses a certain threshold, stricter measures come into play:

• Odd-Even Scheme: To control the number of vehicles on the road, the odd-even scheme limits car usage based on the last digit of vehicle registration numbers.
• Dust Control at Construction Sites: Construction sites must adopt dust suppression techniques like water sprinkling and netting to reduce dust emissions.

GARP Stage 3 and 4: Severe Measures and Emergency Action

During the worst periods of pollution, Stage 3 and Stage 4 measures are activated, including:

• Construction Bans: All construction activities are halted to avoid dust pollution.
• School Closures: Schools are shut down to protect children from exposure to toxic air.
• Shutting Down of Polluting Industries: Industries that emit high levels of pollutants are temporarily closed.

Additionally, the government uses technology like air purifiers and real-time air quality monitoring systems to keep track of pollution levels.

Public Awareness Campaigns and Their Impact

Educating the public is a crucial part of managing air quality. Government-run campaigns, media efforts, and school programs inform people about the health risks of air pollution and encourage behaviors that reduce emissions.

What to Do When AQI Levels Are High

When AQI levels reach dangerous levels, residents should take precautionary measures:

• Stay Indoors: Limit outdoor activities to avoid inhaling harmful pollutants.
• Use Air Purifiers: Invest in high-efficiency air purifiers to clean indoor air.
• Wear Masks: Wearing an N95 mask can help filter out particulate matter.
• Stay Hydrated: Drinking plenty of water helps keep the respiratory system functioning optimally.
• Monitor AQI Levels: Use mobile apps to stay updated on the latest AQI readings.

What Not to Do During High AQI

• Avoid Outdoor Exercise: Physical activities should be kept indoors, as pollution can strain the lungs.
• Don’t Ignore Symptoms: If you experience symptoms like shortness of breath or coughing, seek medical advice immediately.

With continued efforts from the government and the public, Delhi's air quality is expected to improve over time. Innovations in technology, such as electric vehicles, cleaner industries, and better waste management, will all play a significant role in reducing air pollution.

Delhi’s AQI crisis is a serious issue that requires immediate and sustained action from both the government and the public. While measures like the Graded Response Action Plan (GARP) have been helpful, the responsibility to reduce pollution lies with all of us.