The Rise of Hitmen in Post-War Sri Lanka: A Reflection on Economic Recession and Organized Crime
Disclaimer: This article is based on the author's personal interpretation of multiple sources and is intended for informational purposes only. The views expressed herein do not represent those of any organization or entity and should not be construed as factual assertions. The author and publisher bear no responsibility for any consequences arising from the use or interpretation of this content. Readers are encouraged to conduct their own research and seek professional advice where necessary.
Introduction
The end of Sri Lanka’s civil war in 2009 marked a period of hope and reconstruction. However, as the nation transitioned from war to peace, an unexpected consequence emerged—an alarming rise in contract killings. There had been 103 shooting incidents reported, resulting in 61 fatalities and 47 injuries. However, 56 incidents were connected to organized crime, leading to 45 deaths in the year 2024. This phenomenon, often attributed to economic hardship and the surplus of trained fighters left jobless after the war, has since become a concerning aspect of the country’s crime landscape.
Similar patterns have been observed in other post-war nations. For instance, in Colombia, demobilized paramilitary and guerilla fighters struggling with reintegration were often absorbed into organized crime, fueling the drug cartels’ expansion. Likewise, after the Balkan Wars, many ex-combatants became mercenaries or engaged in contract killings, as criminal syndicates capitalized on their military expertise. These parallels highlight how economic instability and the failure to rehabilitate ex-fighters can contribute to the rise of organized crime, a pattern that Sri Lanka is now experiencing.
The Post-War Economic Struggle
Post-war Sri Lanka faced significant economic challenges. While the government invested heavily in infrastructure and urban development, many ex-combatants and military personnel struggled to reintegrate into civilian life. The lack of sustainable employment opportunities, coupled with economic downturns exacerbated by corruption, mismanagement, and later, global recessions, created an environment ripe for illicit activities.
The downturn particularly affected lower-income groups and war-affected regions. As inflation surged and job markets shrank, desperation led many individuals to explore alternative means of survival—some turning to organized crime.
The Role of Ex-Combatants and Underworld Networks
With military training but no employment, some former fighters became easy recruits for underworld organizations. Organized crime networks, which had already been operating underground during the war, expanded their reach, capitalizing on the availability of skilled individuals willing to engage in violent professions for financial stability.
Sri Lankan Mercenaries in the Ukraine-Russia War
In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic and the worsening economic crisis, many ex-military personnel sought financial stability by joining foreign conflicts as mercenaries. The Ukraine-Russia war saw a significant number of Sri Lankan nationals being recruited to fight, with reports estimating that over 540 individuals had joined the Russian side alone.
Many of these recruits were lured by lucrative contracts promising stable incomes, but once deployed, they found themselves bound by strict contractual obligations, leaving them with no option but to continue fighting. Reports suggest that at least 30 Sri Lankan mercenaries have lost their lives in the conflict. Furthermore, the Sri Lankan government is unable to assist in the recovery of these individuals, dead or alive, as they are now considered citizens of Russia, effectively severing their ties with their homeland.
Having survived the brutal civil war in Sri Lanka, many of these individuals believed they were mentally and physically prepared to endure another conflict. However, they failed to anticipate the rapidly evolving nature of modern warfare, particularly the heavy reliance on drone strikes, the lack of adequate medical attention, and the absence of collective unity in defending a national cause. These unexpected challenges have significantly impacted their survival rates and morale on the battlefield.
High-Profile Contract Killings
Several high-profile contract killings over the years have highlighted this growing crisis. Journalists, businessmen, political figures, and even law enforcement officers have fallen victim to orchestrated assassinations, often linked to financial disputes, power struggles, or revenge.
One such case is the assassination of Sunday Leader editor Lasantha Wickrematunge in 2009. While his murder was politically charged, the hit itself bore the hallmarks of a professional contract killing. Similarly, the assassination of top narcotics detectives and rival gang leaders underscores the deep entrenchment of contract killings in Sri Lanka’s underworld.
Another shocking incident took place at a court complex, where a shooter disguised as a lawyer carried out an assassination in the presence of armed police and Special Task Force (STF) officers, highlighting the audacity and sophistication of these contract killers.
Additionally, the assassination of a youth from Kadawatha on Uswetakeiyawa beach showcased brutal cartel-style execution methods. The gunmen, armed with an AK-47, forced the victim to kneel before inflicting 11 rounds using a technique known as the double tap—ensuring a lethal outcome with precision.
Another chilling case occurred on July 30, 2022, when a 51-year-old man was brutally gunned down on Vivekananda Road, Colombo 15. The assailant fired three shots before approaching the downed victim to deliver a final kill shot, ensuring his target was neutralized. The gunman's body language and execution style displayed clear signs of military training and situational awareness, further emphasizing the professional nature of contract killings in Sri Lanka.
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The Economic Recession’s Impact on Crime
The economic recession in Sri Lanka has exacerbated the situation. With inflation reaching unprecedented levels, fuel and food shortages, and a declining rupee, the cost of living has skyrocketed. This economic turmoil has further incentivized individuals to engage in contract killings, as even minor disputes or business rivalries can now escalate into paid executions.
Government Response and Law Enforcement Challenges
Despite efforts by law enforcement to curb contract killings, challenges remain. Corruption within the police force, lack of political will, and deep-rooted underworld connections have hindered meaningful crackdowns. Additionally, the inefficiency of witness protection programs discourages individuals from coming forward with crucial information.
However, recent developments, such as increased surveillance, intelligence-based operations, and targeted action against crime syndicates, suggest a growing recognition of the issue. The government must prioritize rehabilitation programs for vulnerable ex-combatants, strengthen law enforcement agencies, and implement stringent policies to dismantle crime networks.
Security Risks for Law Enforcement and Private Security Personnel
Another critical issue is the inadequate arming and protection of private security and law enforcement personnel. Many private security officers and bank security staff in Sri Lanka rely on outdated single-action and pump-action shotguns, which put them at a severe disadvantage against criminals who often favor AK-47s and automatic rifles. Additionally, the lack of encouragement for law enforcement officers to wear Kevlar vests as part of their daily gear further increases their vulnerability in the face of organized crime.
Conclusion
The rise of hitmen in post-war Sri Lanka is a direct consequence of economic hardship, social instability, and the remnants of war. Addressing this crisis requires a multi-faceted approach—economic reform, stronger governance, and strategic law enforcement. Other countries facing similar post-war crime surges have successfully implemented rehabilitation programs for ex-combatants, stringent law enforcement reforms, and economic reintegration initiatives. For example, Colombia established reintegration programs for former paramilitary members, providing vocational training and employment opportunities to deter them from joining organized crime. Similarly, post-Balkan war nations cracked down on illicit networks through intelligence-driven law enforcement and international cooperation.
Without proactive measures such as enhanced security protocols, better equipment for security personnel, and targeted crime prevention strategies, Sri Lanka risks further entrenching organized crime within its socio-political fabric, making the prospect of long-term peace and stability even more elusive.
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