Rigging Hardware's-Shackles

Introduction:

This Standard applies to the construction, installation, operation, inspection, maintenance, and safe use of lifting equipment used in construction and industrial settings. This includes, but is not limited to: articulating boom, container, gantry, mobile, pedestal, portal, tower, and stacker cranes; balance-lifting units; below-the-hook lifting devices; cableways; derricks; jacks; hoists; hooks; loads suspended from rotorcraft; material placement systems; monorails; rigging hardware; and scrap and material handlers.

This Standard does not apply to track and automotive jacks, railway or automobile wrecking cranes, shipboard cranes, shipboard cargo-handling equipment, well-drilling derricks, skip hoists, mine hoists, truck body hoists, car or barge pullers, conveyors, excavating equipment, or equipment falling

Purpose:

This Standard is designed to:

(a) guard against and minimize injury to workers, and otherwise provide for the protection of life, limb, and property by prescribing safety requirements

(b) provide direction to owners, employers, supervisors, and others concerned with, or responsible for, its application

(c) guide governments and other regulatory bodies in the development, promulgation, and enforcement of appropriate safety directives.

This hardware includes:

• shackles,
• links,
• rings,
• swivels,
• turnbuckles,
• eye bolts,
• hoist rings,
• wire rope clips,
• wedge sockets, and
• rigging blocks.

Shackles - Selection, Use, and Maintenance:

Types and materials:

(a) Body types covered are anchor, chain, and synthetic sling (see Fig. 1).

(b) Pin types covered are screw pin and bolt-type (see Fig. 1).

(c) Shackles other than those detailed in this chapter shall be used only in accordance with recommendations of the shackle manufacturer or a qualified person.

The shackle shall have sufficient ductility to permanently deform before losing the ability to support the load at the temperatures at which the manufacturer has specified for use.

Design factor:

(a) The design factor for shackles up to and including a 150 ton rated load shall be a minimum of 5.

(b) The design factor for shackles over 150 ton rated load shall be a minimum of 4.

Rated loads:

The rated load shall be in accordance with the recommendation of the shackle manufacturer. The terms “rated capacity” and “working load limit” is commonly used to describe rated load.

Proof Test Requirements:

(a) Shackles are not required to be proof tested unless specified by the purchaser.

(b) If proof tested, a shackle shall be inspected after the test for the conditions stated.

Proof Load Requirements:

(a) The proof load for a shackle up to and including a 150 ton rated load shall be a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 2.2 times the rated load unless approved by the manufacturer.

(b) The proof load for a shackle over a 150 ton rated load shall be a minimum of 1.33 and a maximum of 2 times the rated load unless approved by the manufacturer.

Identification:

Shackle Body Identification:

Each new shackle body shall have forged, cast, or die-stamped markings by the manufacturer to show

(a) name or trademark of a manufacturer

(b) rated load

(c) size

Shackle Pin Identification:

Each new shackle pin shall have forged, cast, or die-stamped markings by the manufacturer to show

(a) name or trademark of a manufacturer

(b) grade, material type, or load rating

Maintenance of Identification:

Shackle identification should be maintained by the user so as to be legible throughout the life of the shackle.

Effect of Environment:

Temperature:

When shackles are to be used at temperatures above 400°F (204°C) or below
40°F (
40°C), the shackle manufacturer or a qualified person should be consulted.

Chemically Active Environments:

The strength of shackles can be affected by chemically active environments such as caustic or acid substances or fumes. The shackle manufacturer or a qualified person should be consulted before shackles are used in chemically active environments.

Inspection, Repair, and Removal:

Initial Inspection:

Prior to use, all new, altered, modified, or repaired shackles shall be inspected by a designated person to verify compliance with the applicable provisions of this Chapter. Written records are not required.

Frequent Inspection:

(a) A visual inspection shall be performed by the user or other designated person each day before the shackle is used. Semi-permanent and inaccessible locations where frequent inspections are not feasible shall have periodic inspections performed.

(b) Conditions such as those listed or any other condition that may result in a hazard shall cause the shackle to be removed from service. Shackles shall not be returned to service until approved by a qualified person.

Periodic Inspection:

(a) A complete inspection of the shackle shall be performed by a designated person. The shackle shall be examined for conditions such as those listed?and a determination made as to whether they constitute a hazard.

(b) Periodic Inspection Frequency. Periodic inspection intervals shall not exceed one year. The frequency of periodic inspections should be based on

(1) frequency of shackle use

(2) severity of service conditions

(3) nature of lifts being made

(4) experience gained on the service life of shackles used in similar circumstances

(5) Guidelines for the time intervals are

• (a) normal service – yearly
• (b) severe service – monthly to quarterly
• (c) special service – as recommended by a qualified person

Removal Criteria:

Shackles shall be removed from service if damage such as the following is visible and shall only be returned to service when approved by a qualified person:

(a) missing or illegible manufacturer’s name or trademark and/or rated load identification

(b) indications of heat damage including weld spatter or arc strikes

(c) excessive pitting or corrosion

(d) bent, twisted, distorted, stretched, elongated, cracked, or broken load-bearing components

(e) excessive nicks or gouges

( f) a 10% reduction of the original or catalog dimension at any point around the body or pin

(g) incomplete pin engagement

(h) excessive thread damage

(i) evidence of unauthorized welding.

Operating Practices:

Shackle Selection

(a) Shackles having suitable characteristics for the type of sling, load, hitch, and environment shall be selected in accordance with the shackle manufacturer’s data.

NOTE: The angle of loading affects the stress in the shackle. As the horizontal angle decreases, the stress increases in the shackle (see Fig. 2).

(b) The rated load of the shackle shall not be exceeded.

(c) Shackles that appear to be damaged shall not be used until inspected and accepted as usable under Section.

Examples of shackle usage:

Shackle rigging practices for Crosby shackles:

Shackle Dos:

• Visually inspect shackles for any damage or wear on ring and pin.
• Insure shackles have proper identification markings.
• Finger tighten the pin into the ring of the shackle.
• Check for proper fit of the pin into the ring.
• Check the load ratings and use according to manufacturer recommendations.

Shackle Dos:

• Visually inspect shackles for any damage or wear on ring and pin.
• Insure shackles have proper identification markings.
• Finger tighten the pin into a ring of the shackle.
• Check for proper fit of the pin into the ring.
• Check the load ratings and use according to manufacturer recommendations.

Click the following lo link to know more in details about rigging hardware-shackles guidelines, safety check sheet, and pep talk.