RFO KNOWLEDGE BRAINSTORMY 6TH EDITION

-> TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATIONS

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Antenna Pattern Smoothing

Empirical propagation models, like the Standard Propagation Model (SPM), require antenna pattern smoothing in

the vertical plane to simulate the effects of reflections and diffractions. Signal level predictions can be improved by

smoothing the high-attenuation points of the vertical pattern. You can smooth vertical as well as horizontal antenna

patterns in Atoll.

The antenna pattern smoothing algorithm in Atoll first determines the peaks and nulls in the pattern within the

smoothing angle (ASmoothing) defined by the user. Peaks (P) are the lowest attenuation angles and nulls (N) are the

highest attenuation angles in the pattern. Then, it determines the nulls to be smoothed (NSmoothing) and their

corresponding angles according to the defined Peak-to-Null Deviation (DPeak-to-Null). DPeak-to-Null is the minimum

difference of attenuation in dBs between two peaks and a null between them. Finally, Atoll smoothes the pattern

between 0 and the smoothing angle (ASmoothing) by applying the smoothing factor (FSmoothing) defined by the user.

Let’s take an example of an antenna pattern to be smoothed, as shown in Figure 1.3 on page 28. Let DPeak-to-Null be

10 dB, ASmoothing = 90 degrees, and FSmoothing = 0.5.

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Atoll first determines the peaks and nulls in the part of the pattern to be smoothed by verifying the slopes of the

pattern curve at each angle.

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-> FORMULAS & AUTOMATIONS -:

MATCH: =MATCH(lookup_value, lookup_array, [match_type])

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-> PRICE OF LIFE -:

E -: EYES

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-> Technological developments in the field of eyes have progressed significantly over the years, enhancing vision correction, eye health diagnostics, and various visual aid technologies. Here is a chronological list of key advancements:

-> Eyeglasses (13th Century): The earliest form of vision correction, eyeglasses, were invented in the 13th century. These simple lenses, made of glass, provided a rudimentary solution for correcting nearsightedness and farsightedness.

-> Contact Lenses (19th Century): In 1887, German ophthalmologist Adolf Gaston Eugen Fick designed the first practical contact lens. These early lenses were made of glass and were not very comfortable. It wasn't until the 20th century that more comfortable and breathable soft contact lenses were developed.

-> Slit Lamp Biomicroscope (1911): The slit lamp biomicroscope, invented by German ophthalmologist Carl Zeiss, revolutionized eye examinations. This device allowed for detailed examination of the eye's anterior segment, aiding in the diagnosis and treatment of various eye conditions.

-> Intraocular Lens (IOL) Implant (1949): The first successful implantation of an intraocular lens during cataract surgery was performed by British ophthalmologist Sir Harold Ridley. IOLs have since become a standard component of cataract surgery, restoring vision to millions of patients worldwide.

-> Laser Eye Surgery (1980s): The development of excimer lasers led to the advent of refractive laser eye surgery, such as PRK (Photorefractive Keratectomy) and LASIK (Laser-Assisted in Situ Keratomileusis). These procedures can correct refractive errors like myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism with high precision.

-> Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) (1990s): OCT is a non-invasive imaging technique that provides cross-sectional images of ocular structures. It has become an essential tool for diagnosing and monitoring various eye conditions, including macular degeneration, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy.

-> Wavefront Technology (2000s): Wavefront technology, used in custom LASIK procedures, allows for personalized vision correction based on the unique imperfections of an individual's eyes. This enables higher-order aberrations to be corrected, leading to improved visual outcomes.

-> Smart Glasses and Augmented Reality (AR) (2010s): The development of smart glasses and AR technologies has opened up new possibilities for enhancing vision and providing contextually relevant information to the wearer. These devices can aid people with low vision and provide real-time data overlays.

-> Artificial Retina (ongoing research): Scientists are working on developing artificial retinal implants that could restore some level of vision to individuals with certain types of blindness. These implants use microelectrodes to stimulate the remaining functional retinal cells and send visual information to the brain.

-> Gene Therapy for Inherited Eye Conditions (ongoing research): Gene therapy is being explored as a potential treatment for inherited eye conditions like retinitis pigmentosa and Leber congenital amaurosis. This promising technology aims to correct or replace faulty genes to restore vision.

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